Real World

Sangheili (language)/Silver

From Halopedia, the Halo wiki

Sangheili is a constructed language created for the Halo: The Television Series co-created by linguists David J. Peterson, creator of the Dothraki language used in Game of Thrones,[1] and Carl Buck.[2] Both conlangers began jointly developing the Sangheili language nearly three years prior to the series premiere.[3] By early 2022, Carl Buck estimated they had crafted close to 250 Sangheili words, those being base words and not variations of verbs and nouns. Actress Charlie Murphy learned to speak Sangheili for her role as Makee on the show and was noted to have done a phenomenal job capturing the emphasis, pitch and pronunciations of the alien language.[4]

Peterson posts transcripts for the words and their translations in a series of posts on Archive of Our Own, accessible here. See also David Petersons records here and his additional informative Tweets archived here.

Overview

Sangheili, the language featured in the show, is an ergative–absolutive language spoken by the Sangheili, as well as generally inside the Covenant, an alien alliance that worships the Halo Array. The language is a lightly inflectional head-final language with distinctive vowel length and ejectives. Similarly to the Siouan or Uto-Aztecan languages of the North and Middle Americas, Sangheili has instrumental prefixes that can transform verb bases into entirely new verbs.[5]

Sangheili uses Standard American Romanization. Ejective consonants are written with a following apostrophe, and the r is the tap [ɾ]. The language has long vowels, represented by a doubled vowel, and occasionally has geminates, also written doubly. Likely the most challenging aspect of the phonology are the consonants with a velar release. These are written as if they began with a consonant cluster, but they occur at every point of articulation—namely, pkh [pˣ], tkh [tˣ], kkh [kˣ], and qkh [qˣ], and even the fricative (or fricative-ending) consonants skh [sˣ], shkh [ʃˣ], and chkh [tʃˣ]

Basic Sangheili Primer

Phonology

Sangheili features a significantly larger number of phonemes, including 42 consonant phonemes and 8 vowel phonemes. In contrast, English typically encompasses approximately 24-25 consonant phonemes and about 14 vowel phonemes.

Sangheili consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Stops (p), b, p′

p, b, p′
(t), d, t′

t, d, t′
(k), g, k′

k, g, k′
(q), q′, *ɢ

q, q′
ʔ

Affricates px

pkh
tx, (ts), tsx, dz, ts′

tkh, ts, tskh, dz, ts′
(tʃ, tʃx, dʒ, tʃ′)

ch, chkh, j, ch′
kx

kkh
qx

qkh
Fricatives s, sx, z

s, skh, z
(ʃ, ʃx, ʒ)

sh, shkh, zh
x~χ, ɣ~ʁ

kh, gh
h

h
Approximants l, ɾ

l, r
j

y
ɰ

w
Nasals m

m
n

n
ɲ

n
ɳ

ng
ɴ

n
Sangheili vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
High i, iː

I, ii
u, uː

u, uu
Mid (e)

e
(o)

o
Low a, aː

a, aa
  • Certain sounds that are found in proper names among the Sangheili, which are not part of Sangheili phonology, are treated as approximations resulting from human attempts at Latinizing these names. Because there are no [f], [θ], or [v] sounds in the language, names like Thel 'Vadamee and Fal 'Chavamee are English approximations of T'elo Badami and P'alo Chabami, respectively, in Sangheili.[6][7][8]


Grammar and Morphology

Pronouns

Sangheili includes an inclusive/exclusive distinction in its First Person plural pronouns for "we, us, ourselves" ("riin" for "you and us" and "jaari" for "us and not you"). The Sangheili language also recognizes both animate and inanimate entities, but the Third Person singular pronoun "mu" makes no gender distinction between "he" (masculine) and "she" (feminine), acting neutral as "it/itself/they".

Singular Plural
Inclusive Exclusive
First Person jan riin jaari
Second Person k'e k'iri
Third Person Animate mu muuri
Third Person Inanimate tkha tkhaari


Case Particles / Postpositions

These case particles are placed after a noun to indicate the role they play in a sentence. The ergative and absolutive are grammatical. The vocative case is used for direct address, while the rest pertain to locative functions.[9]

Type Particle Use
Absolutive - -
Ablative ga Indicates movement from a source or starting point of an action. This particle expresses the idea of "away (from)" or "of."
Adessive ni Indicates the location or position of an object or a person in relation to another object or place. It expresses the notions of "near, by, at, on, with, or upon."
Allative oni Indicates movement toward a location, destination, or recipient of an action. This particle expresses the ideas of "to, onto, at, for, or of."
Elative ba Indicates a separation or departure from a place or a starting point. This particle expresses the idea of "out of" or "from."
Ergative o Used after a noun to mark it as the subject of a transitive verb (a verb with an object).
Illative zhi Indicates direction or movement toward a location or place. It expresses the idea of "into" or "onto."
Inessive me Indicates being in a certain place or object. It expresses the ideas of "inside, within, or along side."
Vocative ghu Used to address or gain someone's attention directly. "Hey, Oh, O ye..."

The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions:

  • Ablative: wele ga “from the ship”
  • Adessive: wele ni “on the ship”
  • Allative: wele oni “to the ship”
  • Elative: wele ba “out of the ship”
  • Illative: wele zhi “into the ship”
  • Inessive: wele me “in the ship"[10]


In contrast to English, which has dedicated possessive pronouns ("my," "your," "his," "her") and a possessive ('s), Sangheili lacks dedicated possessive cases for nouns, instead using other cases for possession depending on the nature of the possessive relationship.[11]

Examples:

  • K'uucho oni zhuro - would be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon TO the warrior". This would presumably mean the weapon is one the warrior owns.
  • K'uucho ni zhuro - would also be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon ON the warrior". This would imply that the weapon is one the warrior just picked up.
  • K'uucho oni nejo ga zhuro - "the weapon FROM the father TO the warrior". This would indicate that the warrior has their father's weapon.
  • K'uucho me ik'o - "the warrior's eye(s)" or "the eye(s) IN the warrior". This suggests the warrior still has theirs.
  • K'uucho ba ik'o - "the warrior's eye(s)" or rather "the eye(s) OUT OF the warrior". This suggests the warrior has regrettably lost theirs.


Example dialogue:

Sangheili:
K'e oni k'uucho mejayatan, K'aidon.
Your warriors are ready, Kaidon.
Kaidon:
K'uucho ghu! Riin oni nejo ba luuka ni. Riin oni khuut'a ba luuka ni. Warut'o! Ikhi ga!
Warriors! On the blood of our fathers. By the blood of our brothers. Go! Now!
Warriors:
Oq'o Ch'awaruut'u oni! K'aidon oni!
For the Great Journey! For the Kaidon!


Verb Tenses

Sangheili has 8 tenses, but the meanings of those tenses vary depending on whether the verb is stative or dynamic.[12]

Verb Tenses Dynamic Verbs Stative Verbs Suffix
Bare Imperative

(An action is issued as a command or order)
Present

(A state or condition is provided as a fact or general truth)
None (---)
Reduplicative Imperfect

(An action is ongoing or continuous)
Emphatic

(A state or condition is emphasized)
Varies
Inceptive Inceptive

(An action has begun)
Inchoative

(A state or condition is beginning)
-(i)khi
Completive Perfect

(An action has concluded)
Cessive

(A state or condition has ended)
-(i)tan
Declarative Present

(An action is occurring)
Probabilitive

(A state or condition holds an element of probability)
-(i)jo (irregular -cho)
Witnessed Emphatic

(A witnessed action is emphasized)
Past

(A past state or condition is referred)
-(i)ji (irregular -chi)
Overheard Uncertain

(An action has an element of uncertainty)
Possibilitive

(A state or condition carries past uncertain possibilities)
-(i)jen (irregular -chen)
Prospective Future

(An action will come in the future)
Future

(A state or condition will occur later)
-(i)jaga (irregular -chaga)


Sangheili Negation and Question forms:

Dynamic Verbs Stative Verbs Suffix
Negative Reverse action Contrary state -eya
Yes or No Question - - -jahe[13] (irregular -chahe) and is attached to a reduced set of 4 tenses: Bare, Reduplicative, Inceptive, and Completive.

Demonstratives

Type Adjective Singular Plural Adverb
Proximal (near the speaker) ne - this ine - this niri - these nis - here
Medial (neither near nor far) zo - that uzo - that zuri - those zus - there
Distal (far from the speaker) tkha - it, that (there) athka - that (over there) tkhaari - those (over there) tkhaas - over there, yonder
Unknown (indicating uncertainty) ba aba baari baas
Negative (indicating absence) ii - not, none ngajo - no one, nobody ngamaas - nowhere

Sangheili lines by David Peterson

* Denotes a word's spelling has not been confirmed.

Samples
Jan David *ngitkha. My name is David.[4]
*Haait'u ga k'utkho! From strength, fight! or Fight with strength! (Used by Sangheili as both a greeting and a farewell.)[4]
Jan o moa ba ngani rotkho *p'onji. I will eat a moa burger. or I will eat moa flesh.[4]
Ch'inji, k'utkho ba kkhosa k'entan ch'anoq'o sangheli et'ojo T'elo Badami oni. Taken, from a sangheili swordsman of great nobility named Thel 'Vadamee who chose to flee rather than fight.
Q'iitu. Et'o zwari. Maasa gwiri k'e o jan ni changongo oni jayatan. Mercy. Welcome. It's been a long time since you've visited my chambers.

Sangheili war chant : The Ballad of Kel 'Darsam

A poem was crafted for the series inspired by the Ballad of Kel 'Darsam in Joseph Staten's short novel, Halo: Shadow of Intent. In the show, this ballad is sung as a Sangheili war chant.[14] These are only the first eight lines of a lengthier poem.[15]

English Sangheili
Born of woman, fathered by Deity, Kel ‘Darsam was a pillar of piety, Dzana bojo ba, aamu nejo ba, K’elo Daasamu moq’aaji, ch’anaani,
Brave and noble, strong and wise, he sought only justice and no other prize, Dzima ze oq’o, haala ze khoya, gaibaat’u ba q’a bak’ontu maaroji,
He battled with monsters, slew terrible beasts, to make his lands safe and to guarantee peace, Mu o ghashank’o dzuk’uuchi, matkhaji; tkhaati’ni baat’u, dzukhunt’u waqkho’ni,
But jealous were others, who envied his grace, a rival Kaidon sought his rival’s disgrace, Q’a k’unjo’ mu’m ch’apkhaat’u ghamaaziji, K’aidon o mu juutkhoma maaroji,
But a cowardly fighter, disgraced and defeated, took aim at the two as they finally retreated, Q’a juutkhaat’u ba nuju k’uucho o muuri ni welekkhosa ni dzushkhaatan,
Kel ‘Darsam fell, spear in his back, down to the rocks where the waves did crack, Mu ni baan me luk’a o K’elo Daasamu mogha ni gakha oni ts’aatan,
But as Kel was falling, the sun was arising, the first rays of Urs halted ‘Darsam’s demising, K’elo ni ts’aha ni has o ruuekhi tkhazhi Daasamu ba q’ii pkhadatan,
The light found him godly with noble intention, and embraced him as kin and confirmed his ascension. K’iis o aamu ni mu maaroji, tkhazhi tkha o tkhet’a oni mu juuch’iitan.

Vocabulary

Transcribed words

The following words were transcribed phonetically and showcased in Episode 4 of the TV series.

  • [qˣe.p'os] - "qkhep'os" : needler
  • [saŋ.'ɣe.li.sˣu] - "sangheliskhu" : Sanghelios
  • [saŋ.ɣe.li] - "sangheli" : Sangheili
  • [xo.bu] - "khobu" : shoot
  • [ki:.'gia:.ra] - "kiigiaara" : Kig-Yar
  • [ɣa.ˈʃaŋ.k'o.] - "ghashank'o" : demon
  • [o.' q'o.ga.xa] : "oq'ogakha" : Keystone
  • [tʃ'aŋ.'ga.go.mo] - "ch'anggagomo" : Halo
  • [tʃ'aŋ.go.no] - "ch'anggono" : shield
  • [sˣu.tʃo] - "skhucho" : Down
  • [do.tʃo] - "docho" : Up

Basic Nouns / Names

  • Ch'adomo : Spartan(s)
  • Ch'ambuujo : Hierarch(s)
  • Ch'anggagomo : Halo, The Halo Ring
    • Qkhado Ch'anggagomo : The Sacred Ring, The Holy Ring
  • Ch'awaruutu : The Journey
    • Oq'o Ch'awaruutu : The Great Journey
  • Domo : Human(s)
  • Gaik'inat'u : Prophet of Regret, regret
  • Ghashank'o : Demon, Master Chief
  • Hirajo : Blessed One
  • Juukhojo : Prophet(s)
  • Q'iitu : Prophet of Mercy, mercy
  • Maduriga: Madrigal
  • Mak'ii : Makee
  • Oq'ogakha : Keystone
  • Sangheli : Sangheili
  • Shak'o : The Path, the way
  • Shandi : The Covenant, alliance
  • T'iiwajo : Heretic(s)

A

  • aamu : god(s), deity(ies)
  • akke : hand

B

  • baan : spine or back, behind
  • baashi : ceremony
  • bak'ontu : justice
  • bambit'a : (v.) to promise something to someone, to hold in reserve or specially something for someone (derived from the verb: bit'a)
    • bambit'agha : promise
  • banghaina : (v.) to sense, to pick up on (derived from the verb: ghaina)
  • bank'utkho : (v.) to defend, to resist (derived from k'utkho, bank'utkho literally means "to fight with the back" and by metaph. extension, "to fight back")
  • bekkhajo : creature, animal
  • bit'a : (v.) to bear, to carry, to hold
  • bojo : mother(s)

C

  • ch'aamosik'o : (v.) to better understand, to comprehend (derived from the verb: mosik'o)
  • ch'ana : (v.) to read
  • ch'anaani : pillar
  • ch'anghutkho : combat, skirmish
  • ch'anik'o : (v.) to see
    • ch'anik'otan : saw
    • ch'anik'oji : seen
  • ch'anoq'o : great nobility
  • ch'anu : head
  • ch'apkhaat'u : grace
  • ch'imo : (v.) to take, to get, to gather, to collect
  • ch'in : (v.) to take, to seize (ch'in literally means to stab)
    • chinjin : (Reduplicative Form) were stabbing
  • chkhan : all, whole, endless
    • chkhan ba : all by
    • chkhan ni : over all

D

  • daagha : (v.) to worry
  • diibe : where (conjunction), in/to a particular place, at/from which (See also: ghaadi)
  • dokkhat'u : kindness
  • duje : (v.) to molt
  • dzana : woman, mortal female
  • dzima : brave
  • dzumu : to be sharp
  • dzuk'utkho : (v.) to battle, to do battle with (derived from the verb: k'utkho)
    • dzuk'uuchi : battled
  • dzukhunt'u : dominance

E

  • et'ojo : swordsman(men)
  • eya : no, or to negate something (if added at end of a verb)

G

  • gadi : lower mandible
  • gaibaat'u : fortune, riches
  • gaiduje : (v.) to sully, to dirty, to pollute (derived from the verb: duje)
  • gaikhawa : (v.) to guess, to predict (derived from the verb: khawa)
  • gakha : rocks, stones
  • ghaadi : where, in what place or position (See also: diibe)
  • ghaazhi : [causal conjunction] (Because..., So..., For..., And if..., When...)
  • ghaina : (v.) to hear
  • ghajaya : (v.) to return, to come back
  • ghamaaziit'u : jealousy
  • ghaq'aaga : map
  • ghashango : (v.) to accompany, to follow to join
  • ghashank'o : demon, monster
    • baghashank'o : little demon
  • ghunu : (v.) to destroy
  • guulo : master(s)

H

  • haala : strong
    • haali : stronger
  • hira : bless, praise
  • hodu : wait, pause
  • hunt'u : radiation, radiance

I

  • iiku : (v.) to know (information), to be familiar with
  • ik'o : eye(s)
  • ikhi : now, presently
    • ikhi ga : right now, right away
    • ikhi jaya : come quickly, come now
    • ikhi baazhi : previously

J

  • jaari : [First Person Plural] : we, us, ourselves (exclusive of you)
  • jaja : perhaps
  • jan : [First Person Singular] : I, me, myself
  • jaya : (v.) to come, to arrive
    • jayaleya : can not arrive
    • jayatan : arrived
    • ruujaya : come quickly
  • juq'u : to join, unite
  • juuch'in : (v.) to accept, to adopt, to embrace (derived from the verb: ch'in)
  • juukhawa : (v.) to claim (derived from the verb: khawa)
  • juun : upper mandible
  • juunduje : (v.) to make look good, act good, perform well (derived from the verb: duje)
  • juutkhaat'u : defeat

K

  • k'aidon : kaidon
  • k'e : [Second Person Singular] : you, yourself
  • k'iri : [Second Person Plural] : you, you all, yourselves
  • k'iis : light
  • k'iisho : luminary
  • k'ung : both
  • k'unjo : others, the rest
  • k'utkho : (v.) to fight
  • k'uucho : warrior(s), fighter(s)
  • khaayagha : profit, benefit
  • khaayajo : someone of worth, value, or importance
  • khawa : (v.) to say
  • khebit'a : (v.) to have, to possess, to retain (derived from the verb: bit'a)
  • khebit'ajo : one who possesses a common quality, someone who shares a similarity
  • khech'imo: (v.) to retrieve, to get and bring back, to reclaim (derived from the verb: ch'imo)
  • khekhawa : (v.) to respond (derived from the verb: khawa)
  • kheluuga : artifact, relic
  • khis : mongrel
  • khobu : (v.) to fire (from a weapon), to shoot
    • khobuuya : hold fire, cease firing
    • khuughobu : (Reduplicative Form) were shooting, were firing
  • khoya : wise
  • khuut'a : brother(s), kin
  • kkhaaya : (v.) to be worthy of
    • kkhaayeya : not worthy, hardly worth
  • kkhagadza : correct, affirmative, that's right
  • kkhosa : (v.) to flee

L

  • la'ajo : twin, partner, counterpart
  • lakhi : to rise up, to ascend
  • loshkho : to show
    • loloshkho : (Reduplicative Form) is revealing
  • luk'a : spear
  • luuka : blood

M

  • maaro : (v.) to find, to look for, to seek
    • maarotan : found
    • q'amaaro : keep looking, continue looking
  • maasa : time, period, length of event
  • maaziit'u : revenge
  • maikhu : tool, device
  • matkha : (v.) to kill, to slay
    • matkhaji : killed, slew
    • matkhaya : do not kill
  • mech'imo : (v.) to take with, to bring, to obtain (derived from the verb: ch'imo)
  • mech'in : (v.) to cut
  • mejaya : (v.) to prepare, to get ready
    • mejayajo : preparing
    • mejayaq'u : get equipped
  • moduje : (v.) to lose track of (derived from the verb: duje)
  • mobaat'u : revelation
  • mobit'a : (v.) to recall, to remember, to think back on/to (derived from the verb: bit'a)
  • mogha : waves, surge
  • moq'aa : (v.) to be pious
    • moq'aaji : pious, devout
  • moq'aajo : zealot(s)
  • mos : brain, mind
    • me mos ba : like, as, just as
  • mosik'o : (v.) to think, to understand
    • mosik'weya : do not understand
  • mosone : counsel, advice
  • mot'onguut'u : vindication
  • mu : [Third Person singular] : he/him/himself, she/her/herself, they/themself
  • muuri : [Third Person plural] : they, them, themselves

N

  • nasa : bit much, much too, far too
  • naya : (v.) to fertilize an egg
    • nenaya : (Reduplicative Form) were fertilizing
  • nejo : father(s)
  • ngajo : nobody, no one
  • ngani : need to, must, will
  • nizhi : also, in addition, about, as well
  • nuju : weak, cowardly
  • nujut'u : weakness

O

  • ogha : foot
    • ogha ni : near, close
  • opkho : (v.) to bend
    • pkhaapkho : (Reduplicative Form) were bending
  • oq'o : great, glorious, noble
  • oq'otu : glory

P

  • p'ikhe : creature, animal
  • pkha : [an auxiliary used for emphasis or to convey a sense of urgency]
  • pkhada : (v.) to stop, to halt, to cease
  • pkhungo : (v.) to sleep
    • pkhubungo : (Reduplicative Form) were sleeping

Q

  • q'unqa : (v.) to forget, to forgive
    • q'unqijaga : will forget
  • q'a : but
  • q'ii : dead, death, demising
  • qkhaat'u : holiness
  • qkhado : holy, sacred
  • qkhan : enemy(ies)
  • qkhe : [interjection] oh
  • qkhoso : (v.) to walk
    • qkhaachaga : will walk, shall walk
    • qkhoghoso : (Reduplicative Form) were walking

R

  • riikhe : as a group, collectively
    • riikhe ni : together, all together
    • riikhe oni : regroup, rally together
    • riikhe zi : among, in company
  • riin : [First Person Plural] : we, us, ourselves (inclusive of you)
  • rotkho : flesh, skin, hide
  • ruq'a : fire
  • ruq'echkha : (v.) to burn, to shine, to illuminate
  • ruq'ota : (v.) to burn, to scorch
  • ruuk'ina : (v.) to attack
  • ruut'sag : (v.) to light, to kindle, to ignite

S

  • shaadat'u : loyalty
  • skhala : hammer, mallet
  • shkhoot'u : sign, signal
  • satkha : (v.) to be certain, to be sure
    • sasatkha : (Reduplicative Form) emphatically sure

T

  • t'iis : word
  • t'ighaina : (v.) to hear and understand, to read one another (derived from the verb: ghaina)
  • t'ikhawa : (v.) to speak, to chat (derived from the verb: khawa)
  • t'isqukho : (v.) to let go, to let loose, to set loose
  • t'iswaqkho : (v.) to permit, to allow, to sanction (derived from the verb: waqkho)
  • t'ulu : bone
  • tkha : [Inanimate Third Person Singular] : it, itself, that
  • tkhaari : [Inanimate Third Person Plural] : those, them
  • tkhaas : there, over there
    • tkhaas oni : to there, that way
  • tkhahan : (v.) to finish, to conclude
  • tkhazhi : then, and then
  • tkhet'a : species, people, kin, nest
  • tkhop'o : (v.) to name
    • tkhaadop'o : (Reduplicative Form) were naming
  • tkhunga : (v.) to send, to deliver
  • tkhungat'u : herald, bearer
  • tkhuyujo : ancients, forerunner(s)
  • tonguu : (v.) to meet
  • ts'aha : (v.) to be present, to be in proximity, to exist
  • ts'ukho : (v.) to be
    • ts'uutsukho : (reduplication) : (v.) to be emphatically true
    • ts'ukhi : come to be, turn out to be, was
  • ts'uuchaga : yes, will be, shall be
  • ts'uutsughaleya : impossible, cannot be possible
  • tskha : to do

U

  • uro : claws
  • uuri : very much, nearly, fairly, quite
  • uutu : evil

W

  • waaka : gift, offering
    • gawaaka : sacrifice
  • waqkho : (v.) to give, to grant, to offer
  • warut'o : go, forward, charge (inspired by wort from the games)
    • q'awarut'o : continue on, onward
  • wele : ship, vessel
  • welekkhosa : (v.) to retreat (derived from the verb: kkhosa)

Y

  • yodu : soon

Z

  • zaya : (v.) to expand
    • zaazaya : (Reduplicative Form) were expanding
  • zhuro : weapon(s)

Uncertain Vocabulary

The following words do not appear frequently in Peterson's translations.

  • banechkha : (v.) to release, to let go of
  • ch'intu : wound
    • bach'intu : scratch, little wound
  • dunga : world
  • gazhumaaka : alert
  • has : sun
  • kkhago : ring
  • lushkho : star
  • nga : nothing
  • ngitkhagha : controls
  • p'umo : start, beginning
    • bap'umo : source, origin
  • res : to die
  • ruubaabaacho : intruder(s)
  • zhaan : day

Sources

  1. ^ Twitter, Kiki Wolfkill (@k_wolfkill): "@CharlieBMurphy literally learned an entire new language and performed beautifully in that language. Unreal. Language created by David Peterson who created Dothraki for GoT #HaloWatchParty" (Retrieved on Mar 25, 2022) [archive]
  2. ^ Twitter, C. Buck (@tlacamazatl): "If you have #ParamountPlus, are a fan of #HaloSeries , and enjoy a good #conlang. You might be interested to know that I helped @Dedalvs develop the language for the Covenant." (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  3. ^ Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Halo (Paramount+)
  4. ^ a b c d YouTube - Halo The Series, Learn To Speak Sangheili (Retrieved on Aug 28, 2023)
  5. ^ Twitter, David J. Peterson (@Dedalvs): "The other big table up there has less to do with grammar than the lexicon. The instrumental prefixes are used to derive new verbs from verb bases. It’s a little like how we have verbs like “deduce”, “produce”, “induce”, “adduce”, etc." (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  6. ^ Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Chapter 6
  7. ^ Twitter, David J. Peterson (@Dedalvs): "P and T. Wasn’t too concerned. After all, München becomes Munich in English; Köln Cologne, etc." (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  8. ^ Twitter, David J. Peterson (@Dedalvs): "B, I’m that case." (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  9. ^ Twitter, David J. Peterson (@Dedalvs): "Cases are, in this case, little tags that let you know what role a noun plays in the sentence. Ergative and absolutive are grammatical; vocative is for direct address; the rest are locative. I’ll explain these." (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  10. ^ Twitter, David J. Peterson (@Dedalvs): "The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions: Ablative: wele ga “from the ship” Adessive: wele ni “on the ship” Allative: wele oni “to the ship” Elative: wele ba “out of the ship” Illative: wele zhi “into the ship” Inessive: wele me “in the ship"" (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  11. ^ Twitter, David J. Peterson (@Dedalvs): "Those familiar with cases may notice there are no possessive cases. This is because one uses various of the other cases for possession depending on the nature of the possessive relationship." (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  12. ^ Twitter, David J. Peterson (@Dedalvs): "#Sangheili has 8 tenses, but the meanings of those tenses vary depending on whether the verb is stative or dynamic." (Retrieved on Apr 6, 2022) [archive]
  13. ^ Twitter - David J. Peterson
  14. ^ Halo Waypoint, Silver Debrief: Transcendence (Retrieved on Aug 22, 2023) [archive]
  15. ^ Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: The Ballad of Kel Darsam