Editing Catherine Halsey

{{Status|Canon|Featured}}
{{Character infobox
|variant=Human
|name=Catherine Halsey
|image={{Pageimage|H5G - Halsey.jpg}}[[File:Enc22-Halsey.png|300px]]
|homeworld=Port Vernon, [[Endymion]]{{Ref/Site|Id=WaypointCatherineHalsey|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/characters/catherine-elizabeth-halsey|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Catherine Halsey|D=19|M=03|Y=2023}}
|birth=[[2492#March|March 19, 2492]]{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}
|death=
|causeofdeath=
|parents=
|siblings=
|spouses=
|children=[[Miranda Keyes]] {{C|daughter}}{{Ref/Site|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/forums/db05ce78845f4120b062c50816008e5d/topics/john-117-miranda-keyes/1e011737-096a-4554-ac40-cfbbe3b4b1ff/posts|Site=Halo Waypoint Forums|Page=John-117 + Miranda Keyes?|D=29|M=12|Y=2019|LocalArchive=Catalog/Archive/2014#John-117 + Miranda Keyes?}}
|species=[[Human]]{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}
|gender=Female{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}
|height={{Convert|170.2|cm|ftin|sp=us}}{{Ref/Book|Id=H4TEVG14|H4EVG|Page=14}}
|mass=*{{Convert|56.7|kg|lb}} {{C|pre-amputation}}{{Ref/Book|Id=HTEVG|EVG|Page=90}}
*{{Convert|117|lb|kg|disp=flip}} {{C|post-amputation}}{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}
|hair=*Gray{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}
*Black {{C|formerly}}{{Ref/Film|Id=HTFORTAS|TFoRAS}}{{Ref/Reuse|HSS22}}{{Ref/Note|Dr. Halsey was visually depicted as having blonde hair in ''[[Halo Legends]]''.}}
|eyes=Blue{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}
|affiliation=[[Office of Naval Intelligence]]{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}} {{C|formerly}}
|rank-title=Doctorate|rank=MD, PhD
|sn=*CC-409871{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}
*CIN-10141-026-SRB4695{{Ref/Reuse|HTFOR6}}
|notable=[[Artificial limb|Prosthetic arm]]
}}
{{Quote|For a long time I had thought that we had to sacrifice a few for the good of the entire human race. I have killed and maimed and caused a great deal of suffering to many people—all in the name of self-preservation. But now I'm not sure that philosophy has worked out too well. I should have been trying to save every single human life—no matter what it cost.|Catherine Halsey to [[John-117]] regarding her changed views.{{Ref/Novel|Id=HFS27|FS|Chapter=27}}}}

'''Doctor Catherine Elizabeth Halsey''', (Civilian Consultant 409871, phonetically identified as "'''Charlie Hotel'''"),{{Ref/Comic|HGN|Story=Halo Graphic Novel, Page 122|StoryLinkText=Page 122}} is a key scientific adviser of the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], best known for her work with the [[SPARTAN-II program]], developing and creating [[smart AI]]s such as [[Cortana]], and for overseeing the development of the [[MJOLNIR Powered Assault Armor]]. She served as a scientific adviser for ONI from [[2515]] to [[2522]], when she was made chief scientist,{{Ref/Map|Id=alph|ODST|Alpha Site|Detail=[[ONI Memorial]]}} a position she held until the end of the [[Human-Covenant War]].{{Ref/Novel|Id=Gla12|Gla|Chapter=12}}

Halsey held considerable authority within ONI, despite being a [[civilian]], and commanded respect from important military figures.{{Ref/Novel|Id=HFS13|FS|Chapter=13}} Though generally well-regarded among her peers, she endured intense personal guilt for condemning the Spartans to the life of a super soldier. After the Covenant War, Dr. Halsey was stripped of her position, incarcerated, and treated as a [[war criminal]] by the UNSC at large, which led to her apparent defection to [[Jul 'Mdama]]'s [[Jul 'Mdama's Covenant|reformed Covenant]].{{Ref/SpOps|Id=SOE|Episode=Exodus (Spartan Ops)|EpisodeLinkText=Exodus}} After almost a year among the enemy, she was recaptured by the UNSC and commissioned to work on urgent scientific matters, particularly concerning the rise of the [[Guardian]]s.{{Ref/Game|H5G|campaign}}

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
{{Quote|The Office of Naval Intelligence had apparently had their eye on me for years and knew that the only way to convince me to join them was to get ''me'' to convince me. It worked. I joined.|Catherine Halsey recalls her recruitment by ONI in [[Dr. Halsey's personal journal|her journal]].}}{{Ref/Reuse|HJ12410}}
[[File:HJ self portrait.png|thumb|300px|This self-portrait was sketched by Halsey at the age of eighteen, just a few months after she began her work on Reach.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ8810}}]]
Catherine Elizabeth Halsey was born on [[2492#March|March 19, 2492]] within the colony of [[Endymion]]'s coastal city of [[Port Vernon]].{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}} While an impressionable young child, her father recited to her every adventurous tale of [[Wikipedia:L. Frank Baum|L. Frank Baum]]'s [[Wikipedia:Land of Oz|Oz]]. At this age, she was already contemplating ideas having to do with [[artificial intelligence]]s and their longevity.{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ9447|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=September 4, 2547}} As an adolescent, she was already smarter than her parents and was continually reading, learning, and talking, being eager to share her knowledge with anyone who would listen.{{Ref/Novel|Id=HTFOR25|TFoR|Chapter=25}} Among the works Halsey read was an [[English]] translation of [[Wikipedia:Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Wikipedia:Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.{{Ref/Reuse|HG18}} The first game of [[toy|chess]] Catherine that played with her mother was the only one she ever lost to her. Upon beating her daughter she had said, in [[Human languages|Italian]], "When the game is over, the king and pawn go into the same box."{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ11749|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=November 7, 2549}} At a young age, Halsey was sent to the elite academy [[Endymion Gifted]], where she continued to defy educatory standards. She was eventually afforded a trip to [[Circumstance]] in [[2501]] from the Dean of Biological Science at [[Koletre-Browning University]], who completely funded her education until the completion of her second doctoral thesis sometime after her fifteenth birthday in [[2507]].{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}} While working on that second thesis, Halsey learned various [[Wikipedia:Command-line interface|line command]]s, long discarded and forgotten due to their archaic nature, with which she could interact with computer programs.{{Ref/Reuse|HFS13}}

In 2507, while still a doctoral candidate, Halsey met Doctor [[Elias Carver]] at an academic social mixer and couldn't resist correcting his obsolete algorithm implementation when she heard him describing the matrix mechanics of the socio-economic and politico-economic vectors of human expansion. She outlined a corrective matrix calculation to him which revised his dimensional parameters so that the sixteen dimensions were used rather than seven. Doctor Carver did not appreciate being challenged by someone he saw as a young upstart, but her words seemingly caused [[Captain (NAVCOM)|Captain]] [[Michael Stanforth]] of the [[United Nations Space Command]]'s [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] to take note of her. Three weeks later, a [[Wikipedia:Grant (money)|grant]] she had proposed for using [[artificial intelligence]]s to control N-dimensional matrices was green-lit by the UNSC, with its funding contingent on the successful testing of a model of its choosing. Naturally, it was Carver's model which she was directed to test. Halsey knew his flawed model would produce flawed results, so she ran her sixteen dimensional variant as a [[Wikipedia:Controlling for a variable|control]] in addition to his seven-dimensional version. Carver's model predicted a breakdown of social order in the [[Outer Colonies]] within twenty years unless strict governmental control was established, reinforced by an immediate and permanent military presence. Catherine ran more than fourteen hundred simulations during this time, varying every parameter, and even in the best-case scenario it was clear to her that the Outer Colonies at large would [[Insurrection|rebel]] against the [[Unified Earth Government]] ''soon''. She determined that at a minimum, the resulting conflict would lead to thirty years of war and the deaths of five billion people. The maximum effect was unbounded and could involve interminable war and a new [[Wikipedia:Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Age]] for [[humanity]]. Halsey took her findings to Stanforth only to learn that ONI had already reached the same conclusion. The agency had been keeping an eye on her for years and it had been decided that in order to recruit her, she would need to convince herself that working with the agency was necessary to save the human race.{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ12410|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=December 4, 2510}} [[Ysionris Jeromi]], who considered Halsey his star pupil at the time, discouraged her from working with ONI.{{Ref/Novel|Id=HTFOR6|TFoR|Chapter=6}} Halsey, however, had no problem admitting that ONI's tactic had worked on her.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ12410}} She allowed herself to be recruited in [[2508]] and in early [[2510]] she was brought to the [[Inner Colony]] of [[Reach]] and contracted to work as a [[civilian]] consultant on a number of classified projects.{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ8810|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=August 8, 2510}}{{Ref/Book|Id=HM60|HM|Page=60}}

===Spartan origins===
{{Quote|There is an ancient saying, "The beginning of wisdom is ignorance." So where do we begin to create the ultimate warrior? With innocence.|Halsey, writing in her journal, appropriates a maxim oft attributed to [[Wikipedia:Socrates|Socrates]] for her own ends.}}{{Ref/Reuse|HJ61913}}
After arriving at Reach, Doctor Halsey spent a few months setting up the new laboratory afforded to her. For weeks prior to [[2510#August|August 8, 2510]] she found it impossible to concentrate due to the confluence of new [[Insurrectionist|insurgent]] reports, new ideas, and the constant supervision of ONI. At one point during this time she stopped at a local shop while coming from the main base where she was stationed and purchased a cup of [[coffee]] and a [[Dr. Halsey's personal journal|journal]] in which she could record her thoughts and research notes without having to fear them being read by anyone in ONI. By August 8, the day on which she recorded her first entry in this journal, she had begun to undertake [[Spartan-II Program|a project]] she had been simultaneously dreading, desiring, and being inspired by. By this point Catherine had already designed a number of intrusion algorithms that could be employed to bypass [[artificial intelligence]]-enhanced data recording and storage systems.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ8810}} By [[2510#December|December 4]] of that year Halsey's new lab was still unstaffed apart from herself and racks of [[A.I.]] matrices and optical routers which were yet to be removed from their sealed crates. While sitting in the lab on this date Halsey endeavored to create her second entry in her journal, recalling the series of events which had led her to Reach and to be working for ONI. She ended the entry by asking how many lives would need to be spent to save all humanity and whether any price was too high to pay in order to ensure its security, resuming her work thereafter. Evidently to aid in this endeavor, she also made herself a reminder to acquire more dark [[coffee]].{{Ref/Reuse|HJ12410}} On [[2511#February|February 15, 2511]], Doctor Halsey in her journal went over details of the [[ORION Project]] and recorded ways in which she believed [[Spartan-II Program|its successor]] could improve on what it had accomplished.{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ21511|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=February 15, 2511}}[[File:HM-Halsey.png|250px|thumb|left|At just twenty-two or twenty-three years old, Halsey became the youngest scientific advisor in ONI's history in 2515.{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}]] ORION had been designed to create a nontraditional force of soldiers in order to remove the budding dissident leadership in the Outer Colonies without massive carnage, and to this end volunteers were recruited from the UNSC's [[UNSC Special Forces|Special Forces]]. Based on the failures documented surrounding the genetic augmentation and immunosuppressant administration provided to ORION candidates, Halsey determined that the most suitable candidates for a future generation of augmented warriors would need to be prepubescent and possess more malleable and robust [[Wikipedia:DNA|DNA]] structures and [[Wikipedia:DNA polymerase|repair enzymes]]. In order to locate individuals with the improbable genetic criteria required, she calculated that thirty-nine billion DNA records would need to be screened. Halsey realized the [[Colonial Administration Authority]]'s [[Outer Colony vaccination program]] possessed the largest DNA database at that time and resolved to recalibrate her selection criteria to find markers which would expedite the sifting process. Additionally, she recognized that in order to mitigate the [[Wikipedia:Posttraumatic stress disorder|posttraumatic stress disorder]] and sympathy for the insurgents exhibited by many from ORION, total indoctrination would be required. She was opposed to the sort of brainwashing several of her counterparts in the intelligence community had suggested, noting instead that the mission of "[[Spartan-II Program|Generation-II ORION]]" demanded at least a decade of training, persuasion and acclimation. Above all, she wrote, absolute control must be maintained over those chosen. It was clear to Halsey, based on these parameters, that children were ideal for this project. The ethical and moral implications of such an idea forced her to take extra time to think about this, however. Illustrations drawn in her journal on this date outlined her considerations of various [[human augmentation]]s suitable for the next generation of the ORION Project, which she also was considering renaming something more inspirational on behalf of her military counterparts.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ21511}} Just over a week later, on [[2511#February|February 23]], Halsey read the news about a [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] [[terrorism|terror attack]] at the [[Haven arcology]] on [[Mamore]] which left two million dead and millions more expected to die from the fallout.{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ22311|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=February 23, 2511}} It was reported that the [[Freedom and Liberation Party]] was claiming responsibility and upon learning this Halsey became even more convinced than she already had been that she ''had'' to stop the violence in the Outer Colonies from escalating further.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ22311}}

On [[2511#July|July 30, 2511]] Halsey received test results for a new [[polymerized lithium niobocene]].{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ73011|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=July 30, 2511}} The material had been developed for discharging the vast amount of static energy that plagued ships in [[Slipspace|slipstream space]] but Halsey was interested in its potential applications as a sheath or suit of artificial muscle for a Gen-II ORION soldier. Though manufacturing an entire suit with it was cost-prohibitive at that point, Halsey mentioned in her journal on this date that Stanforth, now a vice admiral and the head of [[ONI#Section Three|ONI Section Three]], had assured her this would be addressed in the "production phase" of the project.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ73011}}{{Ref/Reuse|HTFOR1}} Given the scope, Halsey remained doubtful. Additionally, although she believed there was a way to couple the polymerized lithium niobocene to a wearer's nerve inductions to increase reaction time and had created notes on the subject and stored them within the A.I. [[Jorjet]], she had yet to solve the matter of the energy required for such a design. She'd concluded a small nuclear or fusion reactor would need to be attached to the suit, which would be unwieldy, dangerous, and expensive.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ73011}} Halsey and others agreed that the concept behind the Navy's original [[MJOLNIR Powered Assault Armor#Mark I exoskeleton|Mark I prototype]] [[powered exoskeleton]]s needed to be scrapped for [[Mjolnir|Project: MJOLNIR]].{{Ref/Reuse|HJ73011}}{{Ref/Reuse|HTFOR8}} Needing to be plugged into a generator or to rely on [[Wikipedia:Wireless power transfer|broadcast power]] made them wholly inefficient for battlefield use.{{Ref/Reuse|HTFOR8}} Looking over the Mark I's antiquated design at this time, Halsey still wondered how much of it could remain useful.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ73011}}

On [[2511#September|September 8, 2511]] Halsey recorded in her journal that she had recently finalized the control parameters for a [[Wikipedia:Fast Fourier transform|Fast Fourier transform]] X-ray [[Wikipedia:3D|3D]] scan for mapping a brain's ionic density patterns that indicate individual links. This meant that a deep stimulating scan could then cultivate growth linkages in a cloned brain, thereby allowing [[Mind transfer|memories to be transferred]] for the first time. Complete human clones could feasibly now be produced that were indistinguishable from the individual they were based on. The potential application of this breakthrough for ORION-II was obvious, and Halsey was of the mind that stealing children away and replacing them with clones would mean there would be no going back. By the time she updated her journal with this, she had already informed the vice admiral that they were ready to initiate the next phase of the project: candidate procurement. She had done this knowing that only a small fraction of the clones they produced could be expected to live a normal lifespan due to the amount of DNA base-pair errors rapid [[flash cloning]] of large volumes of tissue produced. Beyond what this breakthrough meant for her current project, Halsey also speculated on whether this technique could imprint the next-generation of [[artificial intelligence]]s and in so doing avoid the [[Wikipedia:Wave function|wavefunction]] collapse that had plagued the functionality of previous generations.{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ9811|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=September 8, 2511}}

On [[2513#June|June 19, 2513]], Doctor Halsey settled on a new name for the project.{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ61913|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=June 19, 2513}}{{Ref/X|Id=H61913|Halo|215143433965273088|Halo|Y=2012|M=6|D=19|Quote=TODAY IN HALO 06/19/2513 - Logging an entry in her journal, Halsey determines the name of the second generation ORION project: SPARTAN-II.}} Stanforth had seemed to hint that rechristening the project would serve to distance it from the failures of ORION. After having [[Jorjet]] and [[Déjà]] (an A.I. created to assist her with the program) give her a refresher on military history which produced a number of contenders, she decided "SPARTAN" best represented the project's aims.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ61913}}{{Ref/Novel|Id=HSS20|HSS|Chapter=20}} The [[Wikipedia:Sparta|Spartans]] of [[Wikipedia:Ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]] had been known for their legendary training of young boys and eugenic customs, and the [[Wikipedia:Battle of Thermopylae|defense of Greece]] made at [[Wikipedia:Thermopylae|Thermopylae]] was a well-known and cherished tale within the military community. Coincidentally, Halsey did not fail to note, her project had originally been funded for three hundred candidates. In order to honor the sacrifices made by the men and women of the original ORION effort, she opted to call the project "[[Spartan-II Program|SPARTAN-II]]", preserving its status as the second iteration of that first effort.{{Ref/Reuse|HJ61913}} In [[2515]], Halsey was officially named a scientific advisor for ONI.{{Ref/Reuse|WaypointCatherineHalsey}}

===Candidate selection===
{{Quote|no=three|q1=We screen these subjects for certain genetic markers. Strength, agility, even predispositions for aggression and intellect. But we couldn’t remote test for everything. We don’t test for luck.|Catherine Halsey|q2=Luck? You believe in luck, Doctor?|Jacob Keyes|q3=Of course not. But we have one hundred and fifty test subjects to consider, and facilities and funding for only half that number. It’s a simple mathematical elimination, Lieutenant. That child was one of the lucky ones—either that or he is extraordinarily fast. Either way, he's in.|Catherine Halsey|Doctor Halsey defends her peculiar means of testing [[John-117|John]].}}{{Ref/Novel|Id=HTFOR2|TFoR|Chapter=2}}
[[File:FORAS HalseyKeyesHan.png|350px|thumb|It only took one brief encounter between Halsey and Keyes as they both came out of cryostasis for her to crystallize their roles and the rules of conduct, making him understand she was in charge despite being a [[civilian]].{{Ref/Reuse|HTFOR1}}]]
By [[2517#July|July 21, 2517]], Halsey had been provided with her own team, to which she delegated much of the responsibly for screening Outer Colonies candidates for SPARTAN-II. She did this so it might be completed within a reasonable time frame and so that she could personally focus on processing those from a single region of space: [[FLEETCOM Sector Four|Sector 4]].{{Ref/Book|Id=HJ72117|Dr. Halsey's personal journal|Detail=July 21, 2517}} The children from this [[sector]] which met the criteria Halsey had identified in her original study had files assembled personally by her. In total, one hundred and fifty subjects were to be considered. The Spartan-II program, of which Halsey was the chief scientist and administrative overseer, had only been granted facilities and funding for half that number, however, so only seventy-five would ultimately be selected.{{Ref/Reuse|HTFOR2}}{{Ref/Reuse|HO4}} And even then, an ONI representative reminded Halsey that not all would make it through the [[Project ASTER|augmentation procedures]] when the time came for that.{{Ref/Reuse|HTFOR3}} Vice Admiral Stanforth had agreed to lend Halsey a {{Class|Vancouver|courier}} called the ''Han'', provided that she agreed to at least one naval officer accompanying her. Halsey was given free reign to choose her attaché and after reading through the file of one [[Lieutenant (disambiguation)|Lieutenant Junior Grade]] [[Jacob Keyes]], she requested him based on his demonstrated ability to keep a secret. Keyes was then, without any explanation provided to him as to why, assigned to pilot the ''Han'', protect the doctor, and otherwise stay out of her way.{{Ref/Novel|Id=HTFOR1|TFoR|Chapter=1}}{{Ref/Reuse|HJ72117}} On July 21 Halsey wrote in her journal that she was considering recommending him for permanent reassignment to her staff. The ''Han'' also came with its own dedicated artificial intelligence by the name of [[Toran]].{{Ref/Reuse|HJ72117}}

Halsey was awakened from [[cryostasis]] alongside Keyes shortly after 0430 hours on [[2517#August|August 17]] while the ''[[Han]]'' was still in slipspace but set to emerge soon in the [[Eridanus system]]. Giving not so much as an acknowledgement that they were both naked, Halsey simply climbed out of her tube and told the lieutenant to get cleaned up and dressed as she headed for the showers herself, making it clear to Keyes that she was in charge. Halsey was already strapped into the navigator's couch and on the bridge and tapping in commands across four keypads when he joined her soon thereafter. The doctor welcomed him and asked that he be seated at the communication station to monitor channels when they reentered normal space. She then had [[Toran]] provide her with [[astronavigation]] maps of the system and asked if any planets between their current position and [[Eridanus II]] could be used to pick up a [[Wikipedia:Gravity assist|gravitational boost]] to let them arrive sooner. Additionally, in rapid succession she had the A.I. begin to play [[Rachmaninov's Piano Concerto Number Three]], begin a preburn warmup cycle for their [[fusion engine]]s, and halt the rotation of the shuttle's central carousel section to conserve power. Toran obliged with each request and informed her that they would be exiting slipspace in about five minutes, give or take three minutes. From the way Keyes was glancing at her, Halsey could tell he was impressed at her ability to put Toran through his paces so rigorously, so she asked if he had a question for her. In response he composed himself before inquiring as to the exactly what they were doing. Halsey told him that they were on a reconnaissance mission of sorts, as they were heading to Eridanus II in order to observe [[John-117|a child]] whom she hoped would only be the first of many. She suggested the junior lieutenant should just think of it as a UNSC-funded psychological study and then sternly told him that was exactly what he was to say it was to anyone who asked. The ''Han'' soon decelerated as it dropped out of slipspace near a gas giant and then began a hard burn, accelerating for sixty-seven seconds before arcing away from the planet. As soon as the boost was complete Toran informed the two humans that their [[Wikipedia:Estimated time of arrival|ETA]] was forty-three minutes and three seconds. At this, Halsey unlocked her harness and floated free. Just before they had dropped into normal space, Keyes had started to ask her if she knew how dangerous the Eridanus system was then and now she finally answered him in the affirmative. After stretching and strapping herself back into her couch, she reminded her escort that he was supposed to be monitoring their comms for that very reason. Catherine spent the next thirty minutes with her back to Keyes while she read over reports on her navigation screens. The Keyes eventually spoke up to candidly ask why he was there, and Halsey told him the truth about why she had selected him for the job. She also assured him that though he may have rather been on the {{UNSCShip|Magellan}} then, which now-rescinded orders had previously had him rotating to, the child they were traveling to observe could make all the difference for the ongoing struggle against the [[Insurrection]]. Once Toran announced they were approaching Eridanus II Halsey had him plot an atmospheric vector for the [[Luxor]] [[Luxor Spaceport|spaceport]] and ordered Keyes to make ready to land.{