Editing Space warfare

{{Status|Canon}}
{{Under Construction}}
[[File:H2A - BattleofEarth.png|thumb|300px|An [[Battle of Earth|orbital engagement]] between the [[Covenant]]'s [[Fleet of Sacred Consecration]] and the [[UNSC Home Fleet]] over [[Earth]].]]
'''Space warfare''' is the conduct of conflict between belligerents in space. The scale of space warfare ranges from exoatmospheric [[Space fighter|fighter]] skirmishes and [[Naval boarding|boarding]] actions to battles between [[fleet]]s of [[warship]]s, which often decide the outcome of a given [[Battle|engagement]] or [[War|conflict]].

==History==
[[File:H2A-fleet readout.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A tactical readout of the UNSC's [[Fifth Fleet]] engaging the Covenant [[Fleet of Sacred Consecration]] above [[Earth]].]]
Space warfare evolved from engagements on a world's surface or in its atmosphere. With the invention of [[human]] space travel in the 20th century, many organizations and nations began to consider or invest in possible military operations conducted in space. In the late 21st century, humanity had become an interplanetary-faring species with colonies established in their [[Sol system|home system]]. The new outlet of travel and exploration would eventually lead to conflict.<ref>'''[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]''', ''page 266'' (2011 edition)</ref> The dawn of the [[Interplanetary War]] and its associated engagements saw the formation of the [[United Nations Space Command]]'s [[UNSC Navy|Navy]] following the [[Mars Campaign]]. The campaign marked a turning-point in space warfare through dedicated utilizations of [[UNSC Marine Corps|Marine]] forces in ground assaults and ship-[[Naval boarding|boarding]] operations that would follow during the war.<ref name="xbox">''Xbox.com'': The Halo Timeline (defunct, [[Archive:Xbox.com/Halo/Timeline|Archived]])</ref>

In the late 23rd century, humanity invented and began to utilize the [[Shaw-Fujikawa Translight Engine]] on their spacecraft, allowing human ships to travel through [[slipstream space]] to reach destinations light-years away.<ref>'''Halo Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Halo Universe''', ''page 43'' (2011 edition)</ref> The UNSC Navy only conducted low-level operations, such as anti-[[piracy]] actions, until the [[Insurrection]], which forced the Navy to develop a modern space warfare doctrine. Following the [[Callisto Incident]] of [[2494]], the numerous small-scale space engagements occurred between the UNSC Navy and [[Insurrectionist]]s across human space.<ref name="evolutions cole">'''Halo: Evolutions''', "The Impossible Life and the Possible Death of Preston J. Cole"</ref> While [[Unified Ground Command]] (UNICOM) oversees planetary campaigns, orbital defenses and space-based combat is directed by [[UNSC Naval Command]] (NAVCOM).

The [[Covenant]] races, meanwhile, have been spacefaring for significantly longer than humanity. The [[Sangheili]] had been a spacefaring civilization for some time by [[938 BCE]], when they encountered the [[San'Shyuum]]. The [[San'Shyuum-Sangheili War|resulting conflict]] was fought on both planetary surfaces and in space engagements, where the San'Shyuum held the distinct advantage due to their use of the ''[[Anodyne Spirit]]'', a [[Forerunner]] [[keyship]] fitted by the San'Shyuum with offensive armament. In [[1342]], the Covenant fought the many [[Kig-Yar]] pirate and militia groups around [[Eayn]], including naval engagements against space-based raiders in their homeworld's asteroid belt, where their smaller ships and intimate knowledge of their environment benefited the Kig-Yar until they agreed to be employed by the Covenant. Covenant warships also took part in the glassing of [[Balaho]] during the [[Unggoy Rebellion]], though likely faced little serious naval opposition. The [[Jiralhanae]] were a spacefaring species, before they were reduced by their [[First Immolation]] to a pre-atomic stage, and it is likely that this war included space combat.<ref>'''[[Halo 3]]''': ''[[Bestiarum]]''</ref>

==Technology==
{{Main|UNSC Navy#Equipment|l1=UNSC Navy|Covenant fleet|Forerunner fleet}}
As with warfare in general, the level of a given polity's technological advancement plays a considerable role in space engagements, and a technological edge can easily overcome superior tactics once the technological gap is substantial enough. During the [[Human-Covenant War]], [[UNSC]] warships and weapon systems were decidedly inferior to their [[Covenant]] counterparts. This has changed in the post-war era with the introduction of new, more advanced technologies to [[UNSC Navy]] service as well as the Covenant's reduction into various smaller [[Covenant remnants|splinter groups]] with lessened access to the bleeding edge of Covenant technology.<ref name="evg strident">'''[[Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide]]''', ''page 192''</ref> 

===Weaponry===
[[File:H4-Infinity-Firing.jpg|thumb|250px|{{UNSCShip|Infinity}} firing MAC rounds at ''[[Mantle's Approach]]''.]]
[[Human]] starship weapons follow a similar trend as their ground armament and are largely based around ballistic impacts and chemical reactions. Meanwhile, Covenant weapons employ [[directed energy weapon]]s, such as magnetically-guided superheated [[plasma]], in their various weapon systems, a major contributor to their significant edge over the UNSC during the Human-Covenant War.

Human starship weapons are, for the most part, projectile-based, consisting of guided missiles with variable conventional or nuclear warhead yields or magnetically accelerated unguided projectiles. In combat, UNSC warships employ [[Magnetic Accelerator Cannon]]s as their primary armaments, powerful [[Wikipedia:Coilgun|coilguns]] built into the superstructure of the ship capable of accelerating a ferric tungsten shell to a significant fraction of the speed of light.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 129''</ref> These are supplemented by a range of missile types, from smaller-yield ship-to-ship [[Archer missile|Archer]], [[Rapier missile|Rapier]] and [[Howler missile|Howler]] missiles to more powerful nuclear [[M4093 Hyperion nuclear delivery system|Hyperion]], [[Rudra-class nuclear missile|Rudra]], [[FENRIS nuclear warhead|FENRIS]], [[HAVOK tactical nuclear weapon|HAVOK]] or [[Shiva-class nuclear missile|Shiva]] missiles.<ref>[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/vehicles/infinity '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Infinity'']</ref><ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 128''</ref><ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 133-134''</ref><ref>'''Halo 4''', campaign level, ''[[Dawn]]''</ref> UNSC naval strategy emphasizes massed firepower to overwhelm the Covenant's powerful defenses - typically an initial missile salvo to penetrate Covenant point defense, followed up with a timed MAC strike against the vulnerable ship. Single MAC strikes by even smaller UNSC warships are capable of crippling or destroying an unshielded Covenant vessel. The velocity of a MAC round can be adjusted to deliver ordnance from orbit against planetary targets, though the still-powerful kinetic energy they impart on impact means their use is limited.<ref>'''Halo: Reach''', campaign level ''[[Tip of the Spear]]''</ref> UNSC [[prowler]]s are the only known UNSC warship class to use [[XEV9-Matos nonlinear pulse cannon|pulse laser turrets]], though as stealth ships their primary offensive role is their ability to lay [[HORNET mine|HORNET space mines]].<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''page 50''</ref><ref name="Halo pages 325-326">'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''pages 325-326''</ref>

The Covenant, on the other hand, employ more arcane weaponry derived from even more advanced Forerunnertechnology. The typical offensive armament for a Covenant warship consists of [[plasma torpedo]] turrets and [[energy projector]]s to engage enemy combatants. Plasma torpedoes are a form of superheated [[plasma]] contained and shaped by a magnetic field and guided to the target.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 132-133''</ref> While the magnetic field has been created by the ship, plasma torpedoes have been known to continue tracking their targets after the destruction of the warship that launched them.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 336''</ref> A single plasma torpedo is capable of burning through UNSC hull plating and even through several deck layers in a matter of seconds.<ref>'''The Fall of Reach''', ''page 170''</ref> Energy projectors are powerful particle accelerators, akin to a larger [[M'tara-pattern focus rifle|focus rifle]], typically used as long-range armaments.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 334-335''</ref> They have been known to cut through even UNSC carriers with little difficulty, but require more power to operate, especially on warships with more than one energy projector.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 359''</ref><ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''page 194''</ref> Both of these weapons systems can be used by the Covenant to bombard planetary positions from orbit, in a process known as [[glassing]].

===Defenses===
[[File:CCS weapons.png|thumb|left|250px|A {{Pattern|Ket|battlecruiser}} firing its pulse laser turrets.]]
UNSC warships use various forms of [[Titanium-A armor]] (an enhanced form of [[titanium]]) as their exterior battleplate.<ref>'''Halo Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Halo Universe''', ''page 315''</ref> Covenant vessels are covered in [[nanolaminate hull plating]], which is significantly stronger and more resilient.<ref name="Catalog">[https://forums.halowaypoint.com/yaf_postsm2969315_Catalog-Interaction.aspx#post2969315 '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Catalog Interaction - Page 14'']</ref> Most Covenant ships are further protected by [[energy shielding]], which has seen limited adoption among UNSC Navy warships—including the {{UNSCShip|Infinity}} and the {{Class|Strident|heavy frigate}}s—in the post-war era.{{Ref/Reuse|evg strident}} Both sides also make use of point defense weapons, designed to target and destroy singleships and missiles. UNSC ships use a number of different magnetic-accelerator [[Point-defense gun|point defense systems]], while Covenant point defense is usually performed by more advanced [[pulse laser turret]]s.<ref>'''Halo Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Halo Universe''', ''page 315 (2011)''</ref><ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 127''</ref> UNSC point defense, among other tasks, is usually handled by onboard ship [[Artificial intelligence|AIs]], capable of performing threat assessment and target designation faster than humans can react. The Covenant have been slower to adopt AIs, due to the example of [[Mendicant Bias]]'s role in the defeat of the Forerunners by the Flood.<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''', ''page 188''</ref> Despite this, the Covenant had installed their own versions aboard [[Truth and Reconciliation's AI|some]] [[Ascendant Justice's AI|warships]] and the space station [[Unyielding Hierophant]] by 2552, though they were of inferior quality to both Forerunner or UNSC AI constructs.<ref>''Halo: 'Combat Evolved Anniversary''', ''Terminal 3''</ref><ref>'''Halo: First Strike''', ''page 76''</ref><ref>'''Halo: First Strike''', ''page 196''</ref>

Both the UNSC and the Covenant are known to use dedicated [[space station]]s to defend their worlds. UNSC [[orbital defense platform]]s are anchored to a [[geosynchronous orbit]] and are armed with a powerful "super" MAC gun powered by a [[Orbital defense generator|groundside generator]].<ref name="Halo page 333">'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 333''</ref> [[Station at Oth Lodon|Covenant equivalents]] use versions of the energy projectors used on their warships.<ref>'''Halo: Escalation''', ''[[Halo: Escalation Issue 6|Issue #6]]''</ref><ref>[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/forums/db05ce78845f4120b062c50816008e5d/topics/catalog-interaction/4c3e1c6f-6519-4ee0-83a4-4bac13bf07a3/posts?page=85#post847 '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Catalog Interaction'' (post 2994218)]</ref>

===Ship classes===
====[[Warships]]====
[[File:HM SpaceBattle ColourAdjusted Small.jpg|thumb|250px|A {{Class|Stalwart|light frigate}} and {{Class|Paris|heavy frigate}} engage Covenant ships over a human colony.]]
Most space warfare is conducted by warships, supported by resupply ships, fighters and dropships, and space stations that serve as static defenses around planetary orbit. The UNSC Navy designate their ships along similar lines to planetary-based navies. [[UNSC corvette]]s are generally the fastest warship classification,<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''', ''pages 63-64''</ref> too small to carry craft larger than an [[SKT-13 Shuttlecraft]], used by the UNSC Navy and colonial system defense forces.<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''', ''pages 60''</ref> [[UNSC frigate|Frigate]]s and [[UNSC destroyer|destroyer]]s are larger combat warships equipped with heavier armaments, used for fleet escort and recon, and tend to make up the bulk of the UNSC fleets because they are cheaper to build, faster to replace, and can cover a greater volume of space than larger ships. Frigates tend to be faster and more evasive,<ref>'''[[Halo: Reach]]''', ''campaign level [[Long Night of Solace (level)|Long Night of Solace]]''</ref> while destroyers feature thicker armor and heavier armaments.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 139''</ref> Larger [[capital ship]]s are built for dedicated ship-to-ship combat. [[Cruiser]]s tend to form the cores of UNSC fleets, serving as fleet command and control ships in the absence of larger carriers.<ref>[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/vehicles/unsc-cruiser '''Halo Waypoint''': ''UNSC Cruiser'']</ref> [[UNSC carrier|Carriers]] are large but lightly armed warships that transport and deploy large numbers of fighters and dropships in support of both space combat and planetary assaults.<ref>'''[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]''', ''page 249 (2009)''</ref> After the Human-Covenant War the UNSC operated at least one [[battleship]] class.<ref>'''Halo Waypoint:''' ''The Halo Bulletin 5.14.14''</ref>

The Covenant operate a number of warship classes, but their classification systems are more esoteric, and the UNSC have struggled to correctly determine their roles. The Covenant designate their own ships according to primary, secondary and tertiary roles, using a [[Hull classification symbol#Covenant|three-letter designation system]].<ref name="Have S'Moa">[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/canon-fodder-have-s-moa '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Canon Fodder: Have S'moa'']</ref> The UNSC designate them according to their estimated roles analogous to their own ships. Covenant fleets tend to be built around powerful cruisers of various sizes designed to engage enemy fleets and support ground forces and bombard enemy positions from orbit,<ref>'''[[Halo: The Essential Visual Guide]]''', ''page 41''</ref> escorted by smaller but powerful frigates and destroyers.<ref>'''''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''''', ''page 192''</ref><ref>[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/vehicles/covenant-destroyer '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Covenant Destroyer'']</ref> Covenant fleets tend to use carriers, assault carriers or supercarriers as flagships,{{Ref/Reuse|Have S'Moa}} though the largest ships are also the rarest. While the Covenant deployed its modern ships against the UNSC during the Human-Covenant War, it also kept a large number of pre-Covenant Sangheili-designed ships in service in rear-echelon duties escorting shipping, deterring and responding to piracy, and responding to local problems to free up modern ships for active duty.<ref name="Holiday Shipping">[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/canon-fodder-holiday-shipping '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Canon Fodder: Holiday Shipping'']</ref> In the post-war era, these ships have assumed frontline roles among both Covenant and Swords of Sanghelios service as both sides have struggled to maintain and replace combat losses of newer, more powerful ships.<ref name="web.archive.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180525024345/http://www.haloarchive.com/forum/topic/9-canon-fodder-and-random-lore-chat/?page=59&tab=comments '''Halo Archive''': ''Canon Fodder thread'']</ref> They use a different designation system to either the Covenant or the UNSC, tending to be named for pre-twentieth century ships, such as the {{Pattern|Hekar Taa|blockade runner}} and the {{Pattern|R'sikosh|man o' war}}.{{Ref/Reuse|Holiday Shipping}} While upgraded to modern technological standards,{{Ref/Reuse|web.archive.org}} these ships are built for specific mission roles, like UNSC ships, and less capable in multirole service.{{Ref/Reuse|Holiday Shipping}}

====Single ships====
While naval combat is the purview of capital ships, smaller craft are used by the [[UNSC Navy]], [[UNSC Air Force]], and [[Covenant fleet]] in a number of roles. The most common human starfighter, the [[GA-TL1 Longsword]], is able to perform a wide range of combat operations including escort, [[Space mine|minelaying]], spacefighter interdiction and direct action against even capital ships, using a range of variable armaments.<ref>'''Halo: The Essential Visual Guide''', ''page 112''</ref> The smaller [[F-41 Broadsword]] is similarly capable of performing a number of mission roles.<ref>'''Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide''', ''page 114''</ref> The advanced [[FSS-1000 Sabre]] fighter saw use during the [[Fall of Reach]] and is still employed in more limited numbers by the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] to protect classified sites.<ref>'''Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide''', ''page 147''</ref> The spacefighter class pioneered the use of energy shielding on human spacecraft, which was later adopted by modernized Broadswords.<ref>'''Halo Waypoint''': The Halo Bulletin: 9.24.14</ref> Both use a combination of 30mm and 35mm autocannons (respectively) and [[ST/Medusa missile]] payloads to engage enemy forces. During [[Naval boarding|boarding]] operations, UNSC forces use specialized [[Pelican]] dropship variants to cut through the outer hull of a ship and deploy forces within to secure it.<ref>'''Halo Wars: Genesis'''</ref>

The Covenant's primary spacefighter is the [[Type-31 Seraph]] fighter, used in a similar role to the Longsword in escort, interdiction and direct action engagements by the less durable but more numerous {{Pattern|Elsedda|Banshee}} and heavily armed {{Pattern|R'shwupa|Phantom}}s.<ref>'''Halo Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Halo Universe''', ''page 283 (2011 edition)''</ref><ref>'''Halo: Reach''', campaign level ''Long Night of Solace''</ref> Covenant troops use [[Ru'swum-pattern Phantom|Type-44]] and {{Pattern|Ru'swum|Phantom}} dropships and {{R'sisho-pattern Tickother boarding craft]] to deliver boarding teams to secure hostile ships or space stations.<ref>'''Halo 2''', campaign level ''[[Cairo Station]]''</ref><ref>'''Halo 4''', campaign level ''[[Dawn]]''</ref>

==Battle doctrine==
The conduct of space warfare varies significantly between the Forerunners' height and modern times due to the impact of the more advanced technologies employed in the former era in both strategic and tactical contexts. In addition, both the Covenant and UNSC fleets emphasize different strategies and tactics governed by technological capability.

===Forerunner era===
Space engagements carried out by Forerunners and their technologically equivalent contemporaries - most prominently the [[Ancestors]] - were dazzlingly complex yet controlled affairs, involving seamless coordination across large distances as well as weapon systems and defenses extending through higher space-time branes.<ref name="s211">'''Halo: Silentium''', ''pages 211-212''</ref> These battles unfolded at speeds impossible for baseline individuals to follow<ref name="c161">'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''pages 161-162''</ref> and often involved copious numbers of often automated attack craft, with each maneuver adjusted to fit the current tactical situation according to constantly shifting predictive higher-dimensional calculations;{{Ref/Reuse|s211}} biological commanders could effectively contribute to these engagements due to sophisticated neurocognitive enhancement and mind-machine integration, enabling them to simultaneously perceive numerous differing viewpoints.{{Ref/Reuse|c161}}<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''page 316''</ref> Individual [[Warrior-Servant|Warriors]] would typically command up to a million [[weapon-ship]]s during fleet engagements,<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''page 174''</ref> while the numbers of attack ships such as [[harrier]]s could easily be in the hundreds of thousands.{{Ref/Reuse|s211}} In addition to physical weaponry, opposing ships also deployed [[AI suppressor|weaponized AI systems]] and [[confinement field]]s against one another with the intent of eliminating the enemy vessel's capacity for resistance.<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''pages 193-194''</ref> Higher-level [[combat skin]]s such as [[war sphinx]]es blurred the line between infantry, aerial attack craft and space fighters and were used to a great effect in battles waged over planets.<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''pages 66, 95, 163''</ref>

The [[Ur-Didact]] devised a well-known strategic doctrine known as "[[star-hopping]]," which involved the selective targeting of strategically significant worlds while ignoring less important targets. This strategy allowed the Forerunners to gradually dismantle the prehistoric human empire piecemeal during the [[human-Forerunner wars]], eventually leaving only their capital [[Charum Hakkor]] as a significant military bastion.<ref>'''Halo: Primordium''', ''pages 187-188''</ref> During fleet engagements, the Didact favored the [[fleet spiral]] formation which enabled a fleet to respond to threats from any direction.<ref>'''Halo: Silentium''', ''page 267''</ref> Late into their war with ancient humanity, the Forerunners took advantage of their superior understanding of [[slipstream space]] to catastrophically increase their human opponents' [[Reconciliation|space-time debt]], effectively cutting the [[Charum Hakkor system]] off from the rest of the ancient human empire. Over three years, the Didact fought the [[Forthencho|Lord of Admirals]]' forces across the Charum Hakkor system in a constant battle of attrition for superior orbital paths and optimal slipspace pathways.<ref>'''Halo: Primordium''', ''pages 239-240''</ref>

During the [[Forerunner-Flood war]], the Forerunner forces led by the [[Falchion]] at the [[Battle of the 78th Thema|78th Thema]] used their numerous attack harriers' cloaking capability to catch a [[Flood]] fleet by surprise, utilizing gravity slings to propel asteroids at the arriving Flood ships rather than attack with traceable energy weapons, allowing them to attain victory.<ref>'''Halo: Silentium''', ''pages 212-214''</ref> However, the conventional rules of space combat ceased to apply once the Flood began to use reactivated [[Precursor]] structures to systematically cripple and devastate Forerunner fleets.<ref>'''Halo: Silentium''', ''pages 188-189''</ref> Additionally, the computing power of Flood [[Key Mind]]s allowed the [[logic plague]]—the Flood's information equivalent—to eventually infest nearly any Forerunner ancilla, severely hampering their largely AI-driven fleet operations.<ref>'''Halo: Silentium''', ''pages 214-215''</ref> Because of the Flood's rate of expansion, Forerunner fleets would often resort to triggering stellar collapses once an infestation had been detected in a system.<ref>'''Halo 3''', ''[[Terminal (Halo 3)|Terminal 2]]''</ref>

===Modern era===
[[File:Keyes Loop.jpeg|thumb|left|300px|A diagram of the [[Keyes Loop]] drawn by [[Jacob Keyes|Captain Jacob Keyes]] for [[Catherine Halsey|Dr. Catherine Halsey]].]]
Space battles between the major factions in the modern era are fought almost exclusively within the context of normal space-time, although precision slipspace jumps and faster velocities within the slipstream offer increased tactical maneuvering options as well as considerable strategic benefits. The vessels involved are typically directed by individuals with baseline reflexes delivering tactical commands verbally, placing certain upper limits on the speeds at which ships and fleets can respond to threats and changing tactical situations; under the control of an AI, a warship becomes far more combat-effective due to the constructs' significantly faster reactions and information processing capabilities.<ref>[http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=6 '''Bungie.net''': ''Jason Jones Interviewed By You'' (12/18/2001)]</ref>

Naval engagements between the UNSC and the Covenant have typically been one-sided affairs. During the Human-Covenant War, the Covenant possessed an overwhelming technological advantage, with superior weaponry, defenses and slipspace navigation.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 168-169''</ref> In large-scale engagements, the UNSC has been forced to rely on overwhelming numerical superiority just to fight the Covenant to a standstill. In its first engagement with the Covenant at Harvest, the UNSC fielded forty warships and lost thirteen to destroy a single [[Rasus-pattern interdictor|Covenant warship]].<ref>'''Halo: Evolutions - Essential Tales of the Halo Universe, "The Impossible Life and the Possible Death of Preston J. Cole"''', ''pages 462-467''</ref> By [[2530]], it took a fifteen UNSC ships to destroy three Covenant ships.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', '''2010''', ''Adjunct''</ref> By 2552, an advantage of three-to-one was the general rule to ensure a UNSC victory.{{Ref/Reuse|Halo page 333}}

Human fleets have also been forced to rely on innovative use of strategy and tactics to counter Covenant naval doctrine, which has largely remained unchanged throughout the war, resulting in surprising UNSC victories. Admiral [[Preston Cole]] won the [[Battle of Psi Serpentis]] by using complex slipspace maneuvers, and unexpected [[UNSC Bellicose|Insurrectionist help]] to cover the retreat of the UNSC fleet and lure a Covenant fleet around the gas giant [[Viperidae]], then launching a hundred Shiva nuclear missiles, triggering stellar fusion and briefly turning Viperidae into a brown dwarf, annihilating more than three hundred Covenant ships to seventy UNSC and 14 Insurrectionist ships and the presumed loss of {{UNSCShip|Everest}} with Admiral Cole aboard her.<ref>'''Halo: Evolutions - Essential Tales of the Halo Universe, "The Impossible Life and the Possible Death of Preston J. Cole"''', ''pages 476-482''</ref> During the [[Battle of Sigma Octanus IV]], Captain [[Jacob Keyes]]' use of a complicated and risky maneuver allowed a single [[UNSC destroyer]] to defeat two Covenant frigates and a destroyer, forcing the unsupported [[Covenant carrier|carrier]] to withdraw after deploying ground forces. In the second large-scale engagement, the UNSC massed its fire for a coordinated MAC salvo, using a [[Cradle|repair station]] as cover against the Covenant's plasma torpedoes to buy time for a second, devastating salvo, reducing the Covenant fleet from twenty ships to eight, allowing the forty eight UNSC ships to engage the enemy in a clear advantage, a tactic repeated on a larger scale during the [[Fall of Reach]].<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 219-223''</ref><ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 332-333''</ref> During the [[Onyx Conflict]], [[Carl Patterson|Admiral Patterson]]'s [[Battle Group Omicron|battlegroup]] used innovative tactics to destroy a disproportionate number of [[Joyous Exultation Covenant|Covenant]] warships. After using intelligence gathered by the prowler {{UNSCShip|Dusk}} to destroy a destroyer, the battlegroup encountered a much larger force attempting to ambush them.<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''pages 292-296''</ref> Faced with a plasma torpedo salvo, the fleet accelerated into it to forestall a second volley, allowing five ships to survive to escape ''through'' the Covenant fleet.<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''page 297''</ref> A number of Covenant ships were destroyed by the self-destruction of the {{UNSCShip|Iwo Jima}}, taking two warships with it and damaging another six.<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''page 298''</ref> While the Covenant fleet was distracted fending off an attack by the native [[Onyx Sentinel]]s, the ''Dusk'' laid a HORNET minefield.{{Ref/Reuse|Halo pages 325-326}} The battlegroup lured the Covenant fleet into the field, destroying all but two before Covenant reinforcements arrived, destroying all UNSC ships except for ''Dusk''.<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''pages 328-332''</ref> In all, the UNSC battle group, consisting of one carrier, one Marathon-class cruiser, six destroyers and a prowler managed to destroy a total of twenty Covenant warships, a staggering number.

In general, the Covenant employ straightforward strategy and tactics, standing their ground, even to the death, and accepting no surrender.<ref>'''The Fall of Reach''', ''page 180'', Jacob Keyes: ''"He had never seen the Covenant run. in every battle he had seen or read about, they stayed to slaughter every last survivor...or if they were defeated, they always fought to the last ship."''</ref> More complicated maneuvers are generally unnecessary given the Covenant's overwhelming edge in most engagements. This is not a hard rule, however. The withdrawal of the carrier from Sigma Octanus after deploying ground forces was remarked upon as unusual, a tactic repeated during the main invasion of Reach, and the Covenant used a number of innovative tactics during the Fall of Reach, managing to insert a cloaked {{Pattern|Sh'wada|supercarrier}} past Reach's defenses to surreptitiously land ground forces and heavy corvette support in its search for [[Babd Catha Forerunner vessel|Forerunner artifacts]] in advance of the main Covenant fleet.<ref>'''The Fall of Reach''', ''pages 181-182'', Jacob Keyes: ''"It was a curious thing: the aliens dropping their ground forces and then retreating. That was not their usual mode of operation. Commander Keyes suspected this was just an opening move in a game he didn't yet understand"''</ref><ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 337''</ref><ref>'''Halo: Reach''', campaign level, ''[[Tip of the Spear]]''</ref> Then-Supreme Commander [[Thel 'Vadam]]ee was considered by the Office of Naval Intelligence as the Covenant's best strategic asset, resulting in the loss of at least seven colonies and more than a billion casualties, and was marked for assassination before the end of the war concluded hostilities.<ref>'''Halo 2: Anniversary''', ''Terminal 3''</ref>

In the post-war galaxy, humanity's adoption of accurate slipspace drives and energy shields have considerably improved their capabilities against warships employed by [[Covenant remnant]] factions. Notably, the {{UNSCShip|Infinity}} intervened to support Thel 'Vadam during the [[Blooding Years]], effortlessly destroying a number of ships loyal to the Servants of the Abiding Truth.<ref>'''Halo: The Thursday War''', ''page ''</ref> During the [[New Phoenix Incident]], the UNSC fleet engaged the Forerunner warship ''[[Mantle's Approach]]'' and the ''Infinity'' used its MAC weapons to create a hole in the ship's hull large enough for [[John-117|the Master Chief]] to pilot a Broadsword fighter deep into it.<ref>'''Halo 4''', campaign level ''[[Midnight]]''</ref> During the [[Requiem Campaign]], ''Infinity'' collided with an {{Pattern|Maugen|armored cruiser}}, plowing through it with no hull damage and shields intact.<ref>'''Spartan Ops''', S1E1 Departure</ref> It should be noted however that the ''Infinity'' is the UNSC's most advanced current starship, and uses Forerunner technology to power its systems, and is likely not representative of overall UNSC naval capabilities.

<!--Stuff to be added: importance of slipspace precision and speeds both tactically and strategically, fleet positioning, counter-boarder tactics like depressurization, slipspace-launched nukes, troop deployment, fighter support...-->

{{Expand-section}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:H3 SpaceBattle Concept.jpg|''Halo 3'' concept art of the space battle over Installation 00.
File:HReach-CapitalShipBattle.jpg|{{UNSCShip|Savannah}} engages the {{Pattern|Ceudar|heavy corvette}} ''[[Ardent Prayer]]'' during the Fall of Reach.
File:HW3 SpaceBattle Concept.jpg|Concept art for a pitch of ''[[Halo Wars 3 (rejected pitch)|Halo Wars 3]]'' featuring space battles.
File:HM_SigmaOctanus.jpg|A ''Halberd''-class destroyer and ''Paris''-class frigate prepare to engage a Covenant fleet.
File:HW3 Faceoff Concept.png|''Halo Wars 3'' concept art.
</gallery>

==List of appearances==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*''[[Halo: The Fall of Reach]] {{1st}}
**''[[Halo: The Fall of Reach#2010 bonus content|Adjunct]]''
*''[[Halo: Combat Evolved]]''
*''[[Halo: The Flood]]''
**''[[Halo: The Flood#2010 bonus content|Adjunct]]''
*''[[Halo: First Strike]]''
**''[[Halo: First Strike#2010 bonus content|Adjunct]]''
**''[[Tug o' War]]''
*''[[Halo 2]]''
**''[[Conversations from the Universe]]''
*''[[Halo Graphic Novel]]''
**''[[Second Sunrise Over New Mombasa]]''
**''[[The Last Voyage of the Infinite Succor]]''
*''[[Halo: Ghosts of Onyx]]''
*''[[Iris]]''
*''[[Halo: Uprising]]''
*''[[Halo 3]]''
**''[[Terminal (Halo 3)|Terminals]]''
*''[[Halo: Contact Harvest]]''
*''[[Halo: The Cole Protocol]]''
*''[[Halo Wars: Genesis]]''
*''[[Halo Wars]]''
*''[[Halo 3: ODST]]''
*''[[Halo Legends]]''
**''[[Origins]]''
**''[[The Babysitter]]''
**''[[The Package (animated short)|The Package]]''
*''[[Halo: Evolutions]]''
**''[[Blunt Instruments]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[Dirt]]''
**''[[Human Weakness]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[Midnight in the Heart of Midlothian]]''
**''[[Pariah]]''
**''[[Stomping on the Heels of a Fuss]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[The Impossible Life and the Possible Death of Preston J. Cole]]''
**''[[The Mona Lisa]]''
**''[[The Return]]''
**''[[Wages of Sin]]''
{{col-2}}
*''[[Halo: Blood Line]]''
*''[[Halo: Reach]]''
**''[[Data pads]]''
**''[[Dr. Halsey's personal journal]]''
*''[[Halo: Fall of Reach]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Boot Camp|Boot Camp]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Covenant|Covenant]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Invasion|Invasion]]''
*''[[Halo: Cryptum]]''
*''[[Halo: Glasslands]]''
*''[[Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary]]''
**''[[Terminal (Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary)|Terminals]]''
*''[[Halo: Primordium]]''
*''[[The Commissioning]]''
*''[[Halo: The Thursday War]]''
*''[[Halo 4]]''
**''[[Terminal (Halo 4)|Terminals]]''
**''[[Spartan Ops]]''
*''[[Halo: Silentium]]''
*''[[Halo: Spartan Assault]]''
*''[[Halo: Initiation]]''
*''[[Halo: Escalation]]''
*''[[Halo: Mortal Dictata]]''
*''[[Halo: Broken Circle]]''
*''[[Halo 2: Anniversary]]''
**''[[Terminal (Halo 2: Anniversary)|Terminals]]''
*''[[Halo: Hunters in the Dark]]''
*''[[Halo: Last Light]]''
*''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''
*''[[Halo: Shadow of Intent]]''
*''[[Halo Mythos]]''
*''[[Halo Wars 2]]''
{{col-end}}

==Sources==
{{Ref/Sources|3}}

==See also==
*[[Planetary warfare]]
*[[Covenant fleet tactical formations]]
*[[UNSC Navy tactical formations]]

[[Category:Military tactics| ]]