Unified Earth Government

The United Earth Government or the UEG is the central civilian government for Earth and the colonies. The UEG houses the Colonial Administration Authority, and therefore the UNSC.

Differences Between the UEG and UNSC
The UNSC is the exploratory, scientific, and military arm of the human government. The UEG is responsible only for Earth and the colonies, the main locations of human government. The UEG would house the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, leaving defense the responsibility of the UNSC.

Military
The Military role of the UEG is controlled by the UNSC

Marathon
It should be noted that both the UEG and UESC are references to the human government and military in the early Bungie game, Marathon. See List of Marathon references in Halo.