Human colonies

Under the administration of the Unified Earth Government, humanity has surveyed and colonized several hundred worlds across a portion of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy over 200 years of superluminal travel via slipstream space, following nearly three centuries of expansion across the Sol system. The planets under the jurisdiction of the UEG, together with humanity's homeworld, are collectively referred to as "Earth and Her Colonies".

Prehistory
Over 110,000 years ago, humanity was an advanced, spacefaring race, and had colonized thousands of worlds across the Orion Arm of the galaxy. However, after being exhausted by the parasitic Flood and eventually suffering a disastrous defeat against the Forerunners in the human-Forerunner wars, the Forerunners forcibly regressed humanity to a Tier 7 species and all traces of this advanced civilization were erased.

Interplanetary age
The concept of space colonization was born out of the need to expand human habitation outside of Earth to prevent overpopulation, to alleviate the consumption of Earth's resources by conducting planetary mining on other worlds, and to better understand the universe as human civilization expanded. Various approaches were suggested to achieve this, such as colonization efforts of the Moon and Mars, building facilities on orbiting asteroids and creating artificial platforms.

The first recorded success of human colonization in the modern age was made in the later half of the 21st century, more specifically in 2080. The Moon and Mars saw humanity's first expansion, followed by a number of asteroids and the natural satellites orbiting Jupiter. The rapid pace of interplanetary colonization was driven by commercial interests more than the efforts on the part of national governments: Earth bio- and nanotechnology corporations sought to conduct scientific research unhindered by Earth's international law as well as its gravity. Mars, in particular, quickly became an important hub of leading-edge science and industry, and would continue to be so for hundreds of years, particularly in the area of spaceship manufacturing. Advancements in terraforming technologies transformed many of the formerly inhospitable planets and moons of the Solar System into worlds capable of sustaining life.

Despite these successes, the efforts did not solve Earth's overpopulation issue. It eventually led to political unrest, contributing to the formation of political movements promising independence from the national governments on Earth and the perceived oppression by the United Nations. Operating across the colonized worlds and orbital platforms of the Sol system, the Frieden movement and the Koslovics were the most prominent of these rebel factions. Beginning with a Frieden attack on the United Nations Colonial Advisors in the Jovian Moons and the subsequent UN response, battles were fought over the colony worlds—as well as Earth itself—from 2160 to 2170, culminating in a UN victory in the Interplanetary War. The outcome of the space wars led to the establishment of the Unified Earth Government as a centralized governing body tasked to ensure Earth's influence over the colony worlds and a powerful, united military force known as the United Nations Space Command.

Expansion beyond Sol system
The technological innovation of the Shaw-Fujikawa Translight Engine in 2291 sprung the human civilization into the space-faring age, allowing them to travel beyond Sol system. Half a century later, the UEG constructed its first line of colony ships - led by Odyssey - to initiate the expansion of human habitation, relieving the growing pressure of overpopulation on Earth and the off-world colonies across the Sol system. To manage governance in the extrasolar colonies as well as to ensure their security from pirates and other threats, the UEG established the Colonial Administration Authority and the Colonial Military Administration in 2310. Two centuries later, both bodies would be marginalized—the latter due to widespread insurgent sympathies in its ranks—and eventually absorbed into the UNSC's emergency military government in 2525.

Golden Age
As faster-than-light travel was still new and highly expensive, potential colonists were subjected to rigorous physical and mental testing to determine their suitability for the extrasolar colonization programs. As such, the colonists who formed the basis for the 210 first-wave colonies settled before 2390 formed humanity's elite; these worlds would later be known as the Inner Colonies. Earth and the Inner Colonies soon became the political and economic basis of the UNSC as humanity began expanding to the Outer Colonies. For humanity at large, this was a time of unparalleled prosperity and optimism which has later come to be referred to as the "Golden Age" of human colonization, a period which would eventually come to a violent end in the later years of the 25th century.

By the time the settlement of the Outer Colonies began, many of the initial difficulties of interstellar travel had been alleviated; by extension, the selection criteria for the colonists became far more lax, resulting in the populace of the Outer Colonies being far more varied than that of the prestigious Inner Colonies.

Colonial expansion continued and by 2490, UEG colonial space encompassed over 800 worlds in the Orion Arm. The success of colonization of the Outer Colonies made the Inner Colonies the primary stronghold, both military and economic, though they relied heavily on raw materials supplied by the Outer Colonies. During this period, the planet Reach (orbiting Epsilon Eridani, right on Earth's metaphorical doorstep) became the UNSC's primary naval yard and training academy. Reach was a major producer of warships and colony vessels, as well as a training ground for covert operatives and Special Forces.

Insurrection
The Inner Colonies' reliance on the Outer Colonies prompted the Unified Earth Government to maintain its hold over the Outer Colonies, but it inevitably began to lose its ability to do so as the Outer Colonies eventually surrounded the core worlds and far surpassed them in number. The overbearing influence of the Earth government, enforced by the UNSC and, initially, the Colonial Military Administration, led to a growing secessionist sentiment among Outer Colony citizens. The more radical elements of this movement took up arms against the UNSC, sparking a series of brushfire wars—collectively known as the Insurrection—in the late 2490s.

The Covenant War
On April 20, 2525, contact with the Outer Colony, Harvest, was lost. After failing to re-establish contact with Harvest, the Colonial Military Administration sent a scout ship, the Argo, to investigate. Contact with the Argo was subsequently lost after the ship arrived in the Harvest system, plunging humanity into a deadly war with an alien hegemony known as the Covenant. Harvest was bombarded from orbit in a process which would come to be known as glassing, marking the beginning of a 28-year war with the Covenant. During the war, hundreds of human colonies were destroyed and billions of human civilians and military personnel were killed by the Covenant. The conflict would see the near-annihilation of the Outer Colonies by the mid-2530s, with the Covenant flooding into the Inner Colonies until they destroyed humanity's military stronghold of Reach in 2552. The Inner Colonies narrowly avoided annihilation before the UNSC finally achieved victory against the Covenant in the same year, but communication and unity among Earth's surviving colonies had been utterly compromised amidst the galaxy-wide devastation.

Post-war
Following the conclusion of the war, an extensive reconstruction process began in order to rebuild humanity's shattered colonial empire. By 2589, glassed colonies like Reach had been re-terraformed to some degree and open for re-settlement. However, the absence of the Covenant threat also marked a resurgence in rebel activity, with worlds including Venezia rejecting Earth's offers of cooperation, accusing the UNSC of abandoning them during the war. The UEG and Sangheili both administrated Joint Occupation Zones where the Shadow of Intent participated in combined anti-piracy operations with UNSC forces between May 6th and June 1st. In early 2558, the region experienced in upsurge in Jiralhanae raids due to the Jiralhanae's dwindling resources.

Government and politics
While the Unified Earth Government is technically a confederation of equal, independently-governed worlds, this is not true in practice; the interests of Earth and the Inner Colonies weigh more heavily in the government's decision-making than those of the Outer Colonies. This has led to tensions and even civil war between the UNSC and the outer settlements, which many of the Inner Colonies relied on for their foodstuffs and resources.

Various organizations exist to provide military defense for the colonies. The Colonial Military Administration was created to act as a unified security force for the colonies but was eventually sidelined due to widespread corruption. The CMA's role was taken over by the United Nations Space Command, which many colonists resent due to its perceived draconian influence. At least some colonies maintain their own territorial defense forces, including Sedra's Colonial Guard. Anti-UNSC sentiments are not uncommon among these organizations, some of which—such as the Venezian militia—are openly secessionist. The UNSC also operated its own Colonial Militia program to train colonial citizens to deal with emergencies as well as local rebellion.

Many colonies are named after locations on Earth, while others receive more descriptive or abstract names. Some worlds are only known by their astronomical designation, with the name of the star the world orbits followed by a numeric designation most often rendered in Roman numerals. On some colony worlds such as New Jerusalem, the capital city shares its name with the planet, as it is common for a colony's initial population center to be considered synonymous with the colony itself.

Scale
As of 2490, a total of 800 colonies had been established, many of them firmly under the influence of the UEG with some seeking to secede from humanity's empire. The worlds are generally divided among the stable Inner Colonies and the more numerous and restless Outer Colonies, and are highly diverse in terms of culture; some worlds have their foundations in the cultural heritage of a single Earth nation, while others have more varied population bases. After the Human-Covenant War, some worlds became even more heterogeneous with the emigration of former Covenant client species to the human sphere.

At its peak, human-controlled space encompassed hundreds of star systems and planets, moons and planetoids settled by colonists, some terraformed to greater degrees than others depending on the local conditions and presence of indigenous life. The colonies ranged from heavily-populated and economically, politically and strategically significant worlds to struggling pioneer outposts which could barely sustain 10,000 colonists. The Inner Colonies encompassed a region of space in at least a 10.5 light-year three-dimensional radius from Earth. Beyond that were the Outer Colonies. Other colonies were established even further - Coral, at 42 light-years; and Madrigal, which lay in the 23 Librae system, 83.7 light-years from Earth. Despite its relatively short distance from Earth, at approximately 12 lightyears, Harvest was considered the furthest Outer Colony in 2525, at six weeks of Slipspace travel away from Madrigal and two months from Reach.

Despite its relative scale, humanity's empire takes up only a minuscule portion of the Milky Way galaxy itself, with most human-colonized systems existing within a bubble of several dozens of light-years around Sol in contrast to the overall scale of the galaxy which is 100,000 light-years in diameter. However, humans often use the word "galaxy" in colloquial speech when describing humanity's sphere of influence.

Inner Colonies

 * Sol system
 * Earth - Under UEG control
 * Luna - Under UEG control
 * Mars - Under UEG control
 * Jovian Moons - Under UEG control
 * Callisto
 * Ganymede
 * Europa
 * Io
 * Pluto - Under UEG control
 * Epsilon Eridani system
 * Reach - Glassed in 2552, reterraforming underway by 2589
 * Circumstance - Unknown status, likely glassed
 * Tribute - Attacked in 2552, partially glassed, under UEG control by 2558
 * Beta Gabriel - Attacked in 2552, under UEG control by 2558
 * Tantalus - Unknown status, likely glassed
 * Ectanus 45 system
 * Chi Rho - Unknown status
 * Groombridge 34 system
 * Station Delphi - Unknown status
 * Hellespont system
 * Troy - Glassed in 2552
 * Harmony - Glassed in 2552
 * Actium - Glassed in May 2545
 * Ballast - Unsuccessfully attacked by the Covenant, under UEG control
 * Gannick 22 - Under UEG control
 * Imber - Attacked, unknown status
 * Minister - Still held
 * New Carthage - Under UEG control
 * Skopje - Glassed in 2547

Outer Colonies

 * 23 Librae system
 * Madrigal - Glassed in 2528
 * 26 Draconis system
 * Levosia - Unknown status
 * CE-2-1239
 * Coral - Attacked in 2552, most likely glassed
 * Charybdis system
 * Charybdis IX - Glassed
 * Chi Ceti system
 * Chi Ceti IV - Attacked by the Covenant in 2525; still held by UEG/UNSC
 * Cordoba system
 * Gao - Under loose UEG control
 * Cygnus system
 * Cygnus - Under UEG control
 * New Jerusalem - Glassed in 2552
 * Elduros system
 * Aleria - Still held, abandoned by the UEG in 2525
 * Eridanus system
 * Eridanus II - Glassed in 2530, resettled by 2557
 * Epsilon Indi system
 * Harvest - Glassed in 2525, recaptured by UNSC in 2531
 * Escala system
 * Escala III - Under UEG control
 * Groombridge 1830 system
 * Groombridge-1830 - Unsuccessfully attacked by the Covenant
 * Hestia system
 * Meridian - Glassed in 2551; resettled by 2558
 * Lambda Aurigae system
 * Roost - Unknown status
 * Orrichon system
 * Sedra - Still held
 * Procyon system
 * Arcadia - Glassed in 2549
 * Qab system
 * Venezia - Insurrectionist-controlled as of 2553
 * Sverdlovsk system
 * Talitsa - Insurrectionist-controlled as of 2558
 * Biko - Glassed in 2525, resettled by 2558
 * Cleyell - Glassed in 2556
 * Desdoron V - Under UEG control
 * Dwarka - Glassed
 * Green Hills - Glassed in 2525
 * Hat Yai - Glassed in 2528 or 2529
 * Sansar - Glassed
 * Second Base - Glassed in 2525
 * Verent - Glassed

Other/unspecified

 * 111 Tauri system
 * Victoria - Unknown status
 * 18 Scorpii system
 * Falaknuma - Still held
 * Algol system
 * Algolis - Attacked, unknown status
 * Beta Hydri system
 * Beta Hydri VI - Unknown status
 * Bhaakto system
 * Alluvion - Glassed in 2542; resettled in 2554
 * Brunel system
 * New Llanelli - Glassed in 2546
 * Circinius system
 * Circinius IV - Glassed in 2526
 * Draetheus system
 * Draetheus V - Destroyed in 2554
 * Erebus system
 * Erebus VII - Unknown status
 * Hydra system - Unknown status
 * Lambda Serpentis system
 * Jericho VII - Glassed in 2535
 * Leonis Minoris system - Three colonies, two glassed in 2537
 * Luyten 726-8 system
 * Luyten - Unknown status
 * Paris system
 * Paris IV - Glassed
 * Persia system
 * Persia IX - Unknown status
 * Sigma Octanus system
 * Sigma Octanus IV - Unsuccessfully attacked by the Covenant in 2552
 * Zeta Doradus system
 * Onyx - Disintegrated, slipspace-based core still intact
 * Andesia - Under UEG control
 * Ariel - Unknown status
 * Asmara - Glassed sometime between 2525 and 2529
 * Asphodel - Unknown status
 * Atlas Moons - Still held
 * Bliss - Glassed in 2526
 * Bounty - Glassed
 * Boundary - Unknown status
 * Camber - Glassed
 * Cascade - Still held
 * Charion VI - Still held
 * Concord - Still held
 * Conrad's Point - Attacked by a Guardian in 2558.
 * Cote d'Azure - Glassed
 * Criterion - Attacked, unknown status
 * Crystal - Unknown status
 * Cyrus VII - Unknown status
 * Draco III - Attacked in 2545; resettled by 2554.
 * Emerald Cove - Abandoned in 2542
 * Eirene - Glassed
 * Endymion - Glassed
 * Estuary - Glassed
 * Far Isle - Unknown status
 * Forseti - Still held
 * Fumirole - Attacked, unknown status
 * Gilgamesh - Unknown status
 * Greydowns - Glassed
 * Hardscrabble - Unknown status
 * Hellas - Unknown status
 * Herschel - Unknown status
 * Juneou - Unknown status
 * Kholo - Glassed
 * Kroedis II - Glassed
 * Laika III - Attacked by a Guardian in 2558
 * Lenapi - Still held
 * Lodestone - Unknown status
 * Lostwithiel - Glassed
 * Mamore - Still held
 * Mesa - Glassed
 * Minab - Glassed in 2550
 * Miridem - Attacked, most likely glassed
 * New Caracas - Still held
 * New Constantinople - Unknown status
 * New Harmony - Unsuccessfully attacked by the Covenant
 * Newsaka - Unknown status
 * Oasis VI - Unknown status
 * Oban - Still held
 * Paradise Falls - Unknown status
 * Partition - Still held
 * Passage - Unknown status
 * Reynes - Glassed
 * Ruthersburg - Unknown status
 * Sargasso - Attacked in 2546, unknown status
 * Sundown - Under UEG control
 * Terceira - Still held
 * Terra Nova - Unknown status
 * Ursa IV - Attacked by a Guardian in 2558
 * Verge - Attacked, strip-mined by the Covenant for helium-3
 * Vodin - Attacked in 2532; still habitable