Precursor

"We are the last of those who gave you breath and form, millions of years ago. We are the last of those your kind defied and ruthlessly destroyed. We are the last Precursors. And now we are legion."

- The Gravemind to Catalog in the final years of the Forerunner-Flood war

The Precursors were an advanced race that preceded and were mythologized by the Forerunners. The Forerunners classified them as "Transsentient" beings, having the ability to travel among galaxies and accelerate the evolution of intelligent life. While the Precursors themselves had long since disappeared during the time of the Forerunners, evidence of their technological and architectural achievements remained scattered across not only the galaxy but also outside it, namely in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Forerunner beliefs
The Forerunners knew few concrete details about the Precursors, and most of their supposed knowledge came from the mythology they had constructed around their creators. Their most central belief was that the Mantle (the role of guardianship of the galaxy and of all life) was bestowed upon them by the Precursors. From a Forerunner perspective, the passing of the Mantle secured the Precursors' legacy in the form of the Forerunners, continuing their work after they departed, much in the same way humanity was appointed to be the Forerunners' inheritors shortly before the activation of the Halo Array. According to Forerunner belief, the Precursors had peacefully passed away after they fulfilled their mission in creating the Forerunners. The Forerunners believed the Precursors had shaped the Forerunners in their own image, and some even suggested that they may have done the same with humans. By the time of the human-Forerunner wars, ancient humans also claimed to be the sole inheritors of the Mantle, something contemporary Forerunners considered heretical.

The majority of this information was mythology with a dubious historical basis, providing a set of explanations for the innumerable mysteries surrounding the Precursors. The facts were very different from what the Forerunners had ultimately chosen to believe.

According to the Librarian, the concept of one-mind unity as seen in the Flood is not an aspect inherent to the Precursor race as a whole. There was corruption, but purity, division and unity, inclusion and exclusion and all Precursors were not the same. While the Primordial relished in suffering, others celebrated joy.

Background
"The Gravemind no more understands the whole truth than we do. It is past all our understanding, from the greatest to the smallest."

- Forthencho's imprinted essence to the Librarian

The Precursors originated outside the Milky Way and arrived in the galaxy billions of years ago. They were an incredibly advanced race of beings who explored many galaxies and seeded them with life over the course of many billions of years as part of a grand experiment. As transsentient beings, they existed on a level beyond that of conventionally sapient biological organisms; they were described as "dreamers and makers whose minds transcended many realms and having infinite forms, many voices, and singular purpose". The Precursors were not tied to any particular physical form, assuming any shape as they saw fit; they would allow themselves to die away and be evolved anew over and over again, taking on numerous incarnations both physical and immaterial. They lived through different stages of technological and cultural development countless times, being at times hyper-advanced and spacefaring and at others living primitively and remaining confined to their worlds. The Precursors based their existence around the philosophical concepts of the Mantle, Living Time, and a meta-technological mechanism known as neural physics, which enabled them to manipulate the fabric of the universe. According to the philosophical aspect of neural physics, the universe itself is a living entity, though vastly different in nature and scale from organic beings. The Precursors' stewardship for all life involved the belief that all experience of biological organisms enriched the greater, universal whole, something they experienced firsthand through the constantly changing nature of their own existence. To contain their vast knowledge and experience the Precursors created the Domain, a transcendent quantum reservoir of information later accessed by the Forerunners. The Precursors were not strictly benevolent, considering strife, pain and indeed evil an inherent part of the universe. The struggles of good and evil, the pleasures and pains of life, added to the 'sweetness', a sensation or emotional state that seemed to not have a human-analogue.

The Precursors were responsible for seeding the Milky Way with life, creating the galaxy's diverse composition of species to become "new tools and companions", and engineered millions of solar systems. Over time, they would also judge whether a species was worthy of the Mantle, their assumed role of guardianship of all life. The humanoid species native to the world of Ghibalb, who would come to be known as the Forerunners, were next chosen for this task. Originally created by the Precursors to serve as their assistants and adjutants, the Forerunners were eventually judged to be unworthy of taking on the Mantle and according to one record, planned to be wiped out, and the Precursors instead decided that the responsibility would fall on the shoulders of another of their creations; a collection of species referred to as humanity, hailing from the planet known as Erde-Tyrene. According to this record, the Forerunners' made an expedition to Path Kethona, where they encountered their creators, and accidentally found out this genocidal plan around 10,000,000 BCE. The Forerunners decided to prevent this fate and furiously retaliated against their creators and drove them to near-extinction, first in the Milky Way and eventually in the satellite galaxy of Path Kethona; only a small number managed to escape the Forerunners' campaign of extermination. According to another record, the Precursors decision to pass the Mantle to humanity seeded antipathy in the hearts of the Forerunners and this combined with some Forerunners coming to believe the Precursors were planning to exterminate them, caused them to genocide their creators in a one-sided war. This account was corroborated by the Gravemind, whom contained the consciousness of the Primordial, a Precursor and other Precursor essences who told the Ur-Didact that the Forerunners struck against their creators unprovoked.

Return
"We are the Flood. There is no difference. Until all space and time are rolled up and life is crushed in the folds... no end to grief, war or pain. In a hundred and one thousand centuries... unity again, and wisdom. Until then - sweetness."

- The Primordial speaking to the IsoDidact

A few Precursors escaped or were spared by the Forerunners. They either went into suspended animation or became molecular dust that was meant to eventually regenerate into their past forms. However, over millions of years, the dust became defective, failing to reconstitute the Precursors and instead inducing madness and mutations in lifeforms that came in contact with it. This form would later be known as the Flood. Far from accepting failure and extinction, the Precursors viewed the Flood as a means to bring unity to the galaxy as well as punish the Forerunners for their insolence. Vowing that none of their creations would rise against them again, the Precursors decided that all life would be deprived of free will and merged into one; in the end, the sum of the Precursors' creation would be a reflection of themselves and the suffering their creations caused them.

However, not all Precursors chose this course of action. After the genocide, those Forerunners who refused to partake in the genocide of their creators were exiled to a planet in Path Kethona. While there they discovered two Precursor survivors who were not corrupted like the Primordial but were instead of a gentler and kinder nature. The Forerunners tried to save them but the survivors chose to die with the rest of their species.

Around 107,445 BCE, ten million years after the Forerunners' genocide of the Precursors, humanity's interstellar empire came into contact with the Precursor powder which would, over several centuries, bring forth the Flood. The Flood initially ravaged humanity's colonies until receding from the galaxy on its own accord, awaiting for a better moment to exact their final vengeance on the Forerunners. The Flood intentionally allowed some humans to go uninfected, leaving the implication of a possible cure that would misdirect efforts in its next assault, while the truth of the humans' genetic attack on the Flood was lost until it was far too late. Around the same time, a human exploratory group led by Yprin Yprikushma discovered a small planetoid at the edge of the Milky Way. Hidden within it was a large stasis capsule containing an ancient being whom they later named the Primordial—in fact the last intact Precursor, mutated to survive the passage of eons. They transported the capsule and its captive to the human capital world of Charum Hakkor and found a way to communicate with the being, which claimed to be the last Precursor.

When human scientists questioned the imprisoned being as to the nature of the Flood, the Primordial's response horrified the humans so deeply that many of them committed suicide. Around ten thousand years later, the IsoDidact interrogated the Primordial on Installation 07, receiving only vague responses as to the fate of the Precursors and their relationship with the Flood. Enraged, the IsoDidact then executed the being. The Primordial faced its end with calm satisfaction, stating that the Forerunners' defiance and, indeed, its own death through the artificial passing of a billion years within an accelerating chronological field, would only add up to the total "sweetness" of life's struggles while asserting its confidence that all life would still succumb to the Flood in the end. The Ur-Didact later discovered that the Gravemind retained the thoughts and memories of the Primordial; before its demise, the being had transferred its consciousness into the Flood's compound mind. However, not even the Gravemind could fully access or comprehend the wisdom the Precursors once had, flawed and fallen as it was.

In the final hours of the Forerunners' war with the Flood the Gravemind sent a group of imprinted humans, including Forthencho, Lord of Admirals, to deliver a message to the Librarian, who was stranded on Erde-Tyrene. Forthencho revealed to her the truth about the Precursors and that the Domain was, in fact, the mythical Organon, which would be destroyed by the Halo Array's immediate firing. By withholding this information until the very end, when the Halos' activation could no longer be stopped, the Precursors ensured that the Forerunners would unwittingly destroy all records of their history and their cultural heritage, or "kill their own soul" as phrased by the Librarian. This was the culmination of the Precursors' insidious plan of vengeance against the Forerunners, set in motion ten thousand years earlier with the revelation of the Flood. While the firing of the Halos seemingly quelled the Flood, the Precursors (through the Gravemind) had already accomplished what they intended: to punish the Forerunners for their defiance not only directly via the Flood, but also allowing the Forerunners' own scheming and internecine feuding to gradually tear down the Forerunners' deepest-held precepts and beliefs. By the time of the Halos' firing, in addition to the near-extinction of the Forerunner species, the Forerunners were forced to admit their many failures and give up the Mantle, ensuring that they would not rise again despite their Pyrrhic victory.

Rebirth
During the genocide of the species in Path Kethona, two Precursors had found shelter and were discovered by the exiled Forerunners who hid them and tried to heal them. However, the Precursors were beyond their ability to save and although the Precursors possessed the ability to heal, they chose to let nature take its course. After dying, the two Precursors became samples that studied and encoded, seeds that germinated for a million years. Their sprouts that climbed to the surface took even longer and bloomed only in the last million years. Unlike the Primordial, these were Precursors that celebrated joy instead of relishing in suffering and as a result, the blooms were not left corrupted with violence and misery but instead were clean, beautiful, and bright.

Driven by her own geas from the Precursors to fix the path and set right what the Forerunners did wrong, the Librarian located the specimens while in Path Kethona searching out the origins of the Flood. Returning home with the specimens, the Librarian kept her discovery out of her report to the Ecumene Council and enlisted the help of the crew of the Audacity to transform a small shield world in its construction phase, Bastion and make it what it needed to be to nurture this eventual new species. The Librarian had the starship Eden built to carry the Precursor seeds and blooms to a world outside of the Milky Way galaxy that is ideal for planting and growth and where they can't be reached by the Flood. There, in some distant future, life on the planet will emerge and grow sentient, following the complete genetic code of the Precursors and rebirthing the race. However, they will be utterly free of genetic memory and will be able to build a new civilization with a clean slate.

In 2558, Bastion is rediscovered by Rion Forge and 343 Guilty Spark. With their help, Keeper-of-Tools launches Eden to begins the mission to rebirth the Precursor race.

Appearance
Due to the Precursors' transsentient nature, what their true physical forms indeed if they possessed any originally are unknown but according to the Gravemind, they could assume any form they saw fit, be it physical or immaterial, having done so over billions of years of existence..

At least three forms are known in detail to some degree. One form of Precursor, or at least an infantile stage of them, took the form of green teardrop plants as large as melons that when exposed to light would unfurl wide leathery leaves that would fan gently with the grace of a bowing dancer, and expose a glowing starburst of delicate white blooms dangling from groups of lantern-like stems.

Another form of Precursor is the Primordial who was massive in size; the mold encapsulating the being on Charum Hakkor outlined a being approximately fifteen meters tall and eleven meters wide with the Ur-Didact seeing it on Charum Hakkor describing it as possessing an insectoid head, four arms, and two degenerate legs and a long, segmented "tail" being attached to the base of the skull and tipped with a two meter-long barb. Each of its hands had three fingers and a central opposable thumb. The face of the Primordial had been likened to that of a eurypterid, or "sea scorpion," a creature that the Precursors had allegedly seeded on a number of planets including Earth. Its head was flattened, with oval compound eyes and insect-like mouthparts. Later, aboard Installation 07, the being was described as having a large number of legs which it held in a curled-up position similar to a spider. The creature's torso was described as "grossly fat," and its skin was covered in a glassy, crystalline coating; a fine powder often fell from its body, perhaps Flood spores or the same powder responsible for the original Flood outbreak. As a Gravemind, the Primordial was capable of shifting its physical form to an extent, such as rearranging its limbs. However given that the Primordial was said to be heavily mutated to survive vast spans of time, it is likely it no longer resembled other Precursors as they appeared during the time of the Forerunner-Precursor war thus it is likely this form was unique to the Primordial.

The most detailed and most prominent form of the Precursors known to the inhabitants of the Milky Way is their form as the Flood, a species of highly virulent parasitic organisms that reproduce and grow by consuming sentient lifeforms of sufficient biomass and cognitive capability. This form was intially born of corrupted Precursor remains.

Technology
"The Flood changes everything. Not just flesh. Space itself is infected. That's the power the Precursors once had... isn't it? They shaped and moved galaxies! They created us! How did we ever manage to defeat them?"

- The Ur-Didact to the IsoDidact

Precursor technology was incomprehensibly advanced, to the point that the Forerunners labeled it Tier 0, or "Transsentient". Precursors based their technology upon what Forerunners called neural physics: the concept that inanimate matter and thought are inextricably linked and that the universe itself is effectively a living entity. By drawing from the fundamental energies of the universe, the Precursors built exotic, virtually indestructible architecture and traveled across interstellar distances using a superluminal transit mechanism based upon the same principle. It was believed by Forerunners that the Precursors also used neural physics techniques to construct artificial planets and star systems, with Charum Hakkor believed to be one such planet. The Precursors traveled between worlds in vessels that used incredibly advanced artificial intelligence constructs known as knowledge engines and walked upon star roads. The Precursors created stasis capsules to contain beings within stasis. The Halo Array, being neurological weapons, are one of the only ways to destroy or otherwise damage Precursor artifacts. This was first evidenced when Charum Hakkor was used as a testbed for one of the Halos: the weapon's firing shattered every Precursor artifact on the planet. This also explains the lack of any Precursor ruins in modern society, as most, if not all, were destroyed when the Halo Array fired and sterilized the galaxy at the end of the Forerunner-Flood war.

Some Precursor artifacts were known to precede the Forerunners by hundreds of millions or even billions of years and, being impervious to conventional forms of damage, were durable enough to survive being cycled inside planets' crusts by plate tectonics. Precursor artifacts were often encountered by Miners, who obtained and recorded them but rarely held any particular interest in them. The most coveted Precursor artifact among the Forerunners was known as the Organon, which was allegedly capable of activating all other Precursor artifacts. In truth, the Organon was a Precursor knowledge engine known as Abaddon, who served as the overseer and guardian of the Domain. Although incorporeal, Abaddon was capable of interacting with the physical world in various ways, even vaporizing corporeal beings at will.

The Precursors also left behind a small number of mysterious deep-space artifacts known as "anchors" — large, anomalous masses which released no radiation. They were generally regarded as unstable and dangerous; the Forerunners had recorded strange phenomena near the masses, including ships vanishing and surviving crews suffering severe mental trauma, requiring extensive proto-geometric therapy to restore their minds' neural topology to its normal state. Precursor construction was gray-silver in color, much like that favored by the Forerunners. When witnessed in a collapsed state on Charum Hakkor, the construction material had shattered along crystalline planes. The Precursors also built cyclopean laboratories described as being made of "crystallized reality".

Among the most impressive of the Precursors' structures were the enormous orbital arches and star roads, unbending filaments woven into the fabric of reality which were used to connect entire worlds and star systems. These structures were once plentiful in the galaxy, forming graceful curves across many star systems. They appeared to be mostly dormant and unchanging, apart from automatic adjustments based on changes in planetary orbits. Other types of Precursor constructs included structures referred to as planetary fortresses and citadels. Toward the end of the Forerunner-Flood war the Flood began to reactivate and employ these formerly inert Precursor artifacts against the Forerunners, being able to control them due to its Precursor origins. These artifacts (mainly star roads) were what eventually turned the war in the Flood's favor as they were capable of effortlessly either outright physically tearing apart Forerunner fleets or remotely deactivating their weapons, ancillas, and shields, rendering them helpless against the Flood.

The Precursors' rekindled might extended beyond the mastery of technological artifacts. After reaching the Key Mind stage, Flood compound minds gained the ability to tap into neural physics and along with it the Precursors' reality-mutation capabilities. When moving across the galaxy, Flood-controlled Precursor constructs would convert space-time itself to be unsuitable for Forerunner slipspace drives due to the differences between the slipspace travel used by the Forerunners and the Precursors' neural physics-based transit. Ships using this form of superluminal travel would momentarily radiate multiversal residues accrued during the journey upon return to normal space. The Forerunners suspected that the Precursors possessed unknown means of correcting causality other than the reconciliation Forerunner ships were subject to. The widespread use of neural physics transit affected the galactic-scale magnetic fields that marked the borders of the ecumene's themas. The effects of the Precursors' manipulation of space could even be felt by individual beings; toward the end of the Forerunner-Flood war Forerunners began to perceive starlight as possessing a hostile, repelling quality.

The Precursors were able to create and place Geas on other species as demonstrated by how they placed one on the ancestors of the Librarian which led her to find Precursor seeds in Path Kethona and later set about ensuring the rebirth of uncorrupted Precursors in another galaxy eons later.

The Precursors held a knowledge of slipstream space technologies beyond even the Forerunners' as demonstrated by them having created at least one slipspace core, a large, quantum-engineered crystal which was found and later used by the Forerunners to create slipspace drives for their ships with the exotic composition and slipspace interactions of said core being incomprehensible to the Forerunners, and never replicated by them.

Perhaps the Precursors' most extraordinary creation was what the Forerunners knew as the Domain: a vast reserve containing the totality of the Precursors' accumulated knowledge and experience - amounting to a hundred billion years, with most of the information gathered originating from the beginning of the universe if not earlier. This reserve of knowledge was contained in Precursor constructs in the Milky Way galaxy and projected a massive field through which the records could be accessed anywhere regardless of locality. The Domain itself was also a conscious entity, although this only became apparent to most Forerunners near the end of the Forerunner-Flood war. The Domain would later be discovered and appropriated by the Forerunners as a store of their own records and knowledge, becoming a principal element of their culture. Despite this, the Domain remained highly esoteric to the Forerunners; not even its origin and true nature were known. With the activation of the Halo Array and the galaxy-wide unraveling of Precursor neural physics, the Domain and all knowledge contained therein was lost along with all Precursor architecture. While a group of surviving Forerunners later managed to reactivate the Domain, it remains unclear how much of the knowledge it once contained has been successfully recovered.

Production notes

 * Precursors are Lovecraftian inspired entities as Greg Bear mentioned in a reply on his blog. When writing for the Precursors he took inspiration from the Eddorians in E.E. Smith's Lensmen series, the psychic creatures in John Brunner's THE ATLANTIC ABOMINATION novel and Cthulhu (notably the tentacle draped mouths) and other deities in H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos.
 * Precursors have been described as godlike by Greg Bear in replies on his blog. Additionally, the Latin root word "trans" means "across" or "beyond." "Sentience" is the ability to experience sensation, and is often used to imply sapience, the ability to think. A transsentient being may thus be considered beyond any recognized being and be on the level of godhood.

Trivia

 * The term precursor means "one that precedes and indicates the approach of another". This is also the definition of the term forerunner.
 * The Precursors (and by extension the Flood) fill a similar narrative role to the W'rkcacnter from Bungie's Marathon trilogy. Godlike cosmic beings, the W'rkcacnter long held sway over the universe before being imprisoned by the Jjaro, the spiritual predecessors to the Forerunners. They (like the Flood) are accidentally unleashed in the setting's present day when the alien collective known as the Pfhor (a major inspiration for the Covenant) recklessly use a Jjaro superweapon against humanity. It is ambiguous whether the W'rkncacnter are a single entity or an entire race with a collective consciousness while the Precursors did not share a collective consciousness originally according to the research done by the Librarian.

List of appearances

 * Halo 3
 * Bestiarum
 * Terminals
 * Halo: Cryptum
 * Halo: Primordium
 * Halo: The Thursday War
 * Halo: Silentium
 * Halo: Hunters in the Dark
 * Halo 5: Guardians
 * Halo Mythos
 * Halo: Renegades
 * Halo: Point of Light