Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology, often shortened to nanotech, is a field of technology involving the manipulation of matter on extremely small scales.

History
Humanity first began developing nanotechnology around the turn of the 21st century. The technology saw widespread use by the 26th century, serving as a general-purpose technology on almost all industries. The term "nanotechnology" was coined by the Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi and popularized by K. Eric Drexler.

Human
Humanity, principally the United Nations Space Command, utilizes nanotechnology for several purposes. Nanoreagent hydrocarbots are a suspension of nanomachines that convert carbon-heavy matter into usable fuel for the UNSC's internal combustion power plants, including the hydrogen-injected internal combustion engines used by the M12 Force Application Vehicle and the M274 Ultra-Light All-Terrain Vehicle.

In addition, various nanoscale materials such as carbon nanofibers (primarily carbon nanotubes) have become standard in construction. Due to its great durability and strength, carbon nanotubes allows the construction of enormous structures which would be impossible using conventional materials, such as space elevators. Carbon nanotubes are also used to construct vehicle tires, such as those of the M12 Warthog FAV. Possessing single-unit nanotube skeletons, the tires perform similar to traditional inflatable tires while being virtually unbreakable.

Other types of nano-fibers are utilized in special military training garments, working in conjunction with tactical training rounds. These fibers respond to TTR paint by becoming rigid and immobile, thus preventing a struck body part from moving.

Nanomachines are also used in conjunction with MJOLNIR armor systems. As of 2552, the UNSC had developed nanotechnology designed to perform repairs on MJOLNIR armor while its Spartan occupant rested in cryo-sleep. Given enough time and in the hands of a capable "smart" AI, these nanomachines were capable of completely overhauling a suit. While the Forward Unto Dawn drifted through space for four years, the AI Cortana used nanomachines to upgrade and redesign John-117's MJOLNIR Mark VI armor. A similar form of nanotechnology was incorporated into the MJOLNIR Mark VII, allowing the suit to repair and upgrade itself autonomously during cryo-sleep. This feature was presumably carried over to the MJOLNIR [GEN2].

Nanotechnology such as the "nanobug" can be employed for surveillance and eavesdropping.

Covenant and its remnants
Nanolaminate is a type of material used as battle plating for Covenant warships and Sangheili combat harnesses. Possessing a characteristic opalescent-like shine, nanolaminate can range in color from purplish to white-blue or silver, while Kig-Yar vessels are generally bluish-black in color. The plating is very strong and heat resistant, with the support of energy shielding allowing Covenant ships to take more damage. The amount of nanolaminate plating applied to each ship depends on the class, though s have well over thirty meters of armor plating. As of 2525, nanolaminate plating has not seen use in any human construction.

The Assembly Forges refer to the various manufacturing facilities of the Covenant, individually referred to as an assembly forge. These facilities produced items piece-by-piece using clouds of programmable nanomachines. These nanomachines were fed instructions via a design pattern, maintained by artisan-armorers. An imperfect replication of the assembler vats once used by the Forerunners, assembly forges are susceptible to mutations in design patterns, unaccounted variance in feedstock material, and transcription errors. The mutation of a design pattern often required the resetting of the forge that had attempted to produce the design.

After the fall of High Charity during the Great Schism in November 2552, the Swords of Sanghelios and successor factions of the Covenant were forced to turn to independent assembly forges for equipment, notably Lodam Armory.

Fighting skin, a powered armor use by Prelate contain automatic repair functions, which can automatically-repair holes in the suit over a period of multiple days, though during this time the suit lacks the power to make communications.

Forerunner
The Huragok are an example of the Forerunners' mastery of nanotechnology. Huragok are synthetic organisms, having no true tissues or organs but instead being composed entirely of nano-mechanical surrogates. Their tentacles are equipped with microscopic cilia, capable of splitting apart to manipulate objects on extremely small scales. Certain Forerunner installations, such as Shield World 006, contained special touch-panels that could interact on a nano-scale with Huragok cilia.

Certain Forerunner devices are capable of assembling objects out of raw materials, rearranging matter on a molecular or atomic scale. Design seeds could manufacture entire spacecraft on-site using only raw materials from the surrounding environment, and Promethean Watchers can similarly "conjure" new Crawlers simply by using raw materials present in the nearby ground.

Assembler vats, also referred to as assemblers were nanofabrication facilities utilized by Forerunners to construct various artifacts. Assemblers ranged in size and complexity from small machines used to manufacture personal items to moon-sized foundries capable of constructing entire shield worlds and space stations. Instructions and construction templates on how to build various items were fed to assemblers for mass replication in the form of a design seed.

The Forerunners are also known to use Smartmatter, which is composed of self-assembling micro-machine blocks reinforced by energy bonds.