Flood

The Flood (sometimes called The Parasite by the Covenant) is a species of virulent, parasitic organisms that thrive by consuming other carbon-based, sentient lifeforms of sufficient biomass. The Flood appear to have a hive or communal mind, possibly under the command of one leader.

Next to nothing is known about their origins, but it has been revealed that the Forerunners either discovered or made the Flood, and then fought them until the Forerunners were overwhelmed. Many plans to defeat the Flood were tried and failed, faced with the threat of the Flood spreading throughout the Galaxy and consuming every sentient being, the Forerunners constructed and activated the Halos, killing all sentient life in the Galaxy.

The Flood were kept by the Forerunners for scientific study on many of their now abandoned structures including the Halos. Although their intention was to wipe out the Flood by destroying everything of significant bio-mass to support them and consequently starving them, the fact that the Flood still exists indicates that the Forerunner's plan may have failed. In The Library, 343 Guilty Spark does mention that some specimens of The Flood were kept after the activation of the Halos for study.

Infection Form
The Flood exists as multiple organisms but the largest it can get without requiring extra bio-mass is the Infection Form. This form, while not immediately recognizable as a threat from a distance or on its own is dangerous nonetheless. In large swarms this form compensates for its fragility with sheer weight of numbers. Large groups can rapidly overwhelm much larger creatures.

They are able to infect any sentient organism with sufficient biomass to support them. By latching onto its target using its leg-like tendrils and using a sharp spine to penetrate deep into the body as far as the spinal cord the Infection form begins to release spores. First, it paralyzes the host's body. Once this is accomplished, it rewrites the neural pathways of the victim's brain with its tendrils, forcing a resonant frequency match between its neural signals, and the host's. When this is done, it starts to edge its way into the body, slowly moving organs out of the way so it can nest itself within the chest cavity of its host. If a match cannot be obtained, the host is left alone and cannot be used. After forcing a match, it begins releasing spores that mutate the host body with Flood DNA. These spores begin to alter the host, using its calcium stores to create additional flood super-cell biomass, therefore changing the genetic structure of the host's anatomy, mutating its physiology almost beyond recognition: replacing limbs with tentacles for example.

Over extended periods of time the Flood infection bacteria seems to become less powerful. These weaknesses allow for the host to control their own thoughts and actions to a degree. A known case of this was PFC Jenkins.

Combat Form


After an infection form has obtained a frequency match for the host's neural system, it begins to rewrite the very DNA of the body it has infected. Once fully transformed, the Flood infection is in total control of the body. Unfortunately for the host, he or she stays alive throughout the transformation process and is even conscious of his environment as the Flood takes over the body. Once completely infected, the Flood becomes what is known as a Combat form. Any body of sufficient size, capable of carrying a weapon or exhibits a possible use in combat is transformed into one of these monstrosities. The Combat form grows powerful, whip-like tendrils on its arms, and will use them as close combat weapons, or if it loses the ranged weapon it carries.

The Flood infection is capable of not only controlling the host's body, but of also tapping into and utilizing its memories. Most often for the purpose of finding relevant information about the use of weapons and equipment. After the Combat form has suffered a sufficient level of punishment as to be no longer effective, it mutates into a carrier form. A biological incubator for more infection forms. Eventually a combat form will mutate into a carrier, regardless of damage, to perpetuate the Flood species.

Combat forms can take extensive damage before being neutralized. Arms, legs, even heads can be totally blown away from their bodies before they are incapacitated. The only known weakness of the combat form is an area on the upper torso, where sensory feelers jut forth. This is where the Infection form has nestled, shots to this area will kill the Infection form within, effectively killing the Flood Combat form. Most often Humans and Elites are used as host bodies for the Combat form, only strong host bodies are taken over for such a purpose. Weaker species are used for Carrier forms - namely Grunts and Jackals.



Carrier Form
When an Infection Form takes over a body that is unsuitable for combat, or once an infected form is damaged beyond use, it becomes a Carrier Form. Grunts and Jackals are immediately turned into this form upon infection, due to their weaker physiology they are not deemed viable to become Combat Forms. Eventually when a Combat Form has lived long enough, it too will mutate into a Carrier, regardless of damage taken. Carrier Forms perpetuate the Flood species by acting as mobile incubators for new Infection Forms, keeping them safe until they're fully developed. Once the Infection Forms are ready, the carrier simply explodes, sending the new Infection Forms flying into the air. As soon as they are released, they begin searching for new hosts. This is often done close to possible host organisms.

Brain Form
One of the rarest types of Flood is the Brain Form. A Brain Form is unlike all other Flood forms since it lacks any sort of mobility. While the Infection, Combat, and Carrier forms are dangerous and always hostile, the Brain Form is passive to all but the host within its bloated form. When the Flood attempt to control a starship or interface with a computer system, a Brain Form is created. It normally contains the body of an individual who has knowledge necessary for operation of said vessel. Like the Combat form, it can read the thoughts and memories of its host provided he or she is still alive, and it will sift through every memory until it finds what it needs. If it cannot find the information it requires, it will direct other Flood to bring it a new body to search while it consumes the last body. It interfaces with computers the same way an Infection Form infects a host, through tendrils that attach themselves to the computer's "neural" system. Note, in the picture to the right, 3 separate absorbed humans can be seen, one being Captain Keyes. Captain Keyes got turned in to a flood on the 9th level and everyone found out he was a flood when the Master Chief found him.

Prophet Form
Prophet Form is a term used to describe Covenant Prophets that have been infected by the Flood. Due to their unusual nature, they are not thought of as Combat Forms in the way infected Humans and Elites are (note that the term "Prophet Form" has not been officially used as canon to date). It is also worth noting that both "Prophet forms" seen thus far had only recently been infected, and may have required more time to be assimilated in the conventional way.

It can be concluded based on the concepts illustrated in the Halo: The Flood and the Halo Graphic Novel that figures such as Prophets or military commanders would be spared the common assimilation procedures for the purpose of preserving the individuals knowledge for later use.

Gravemind
At present it is not known what the Gravemind's purpose truly is. It is speculated that the Gravemind is comprised of a huge mass of flesh and bio-matter that Flood combat forms have to one place for absorption. It has a "mouth" through which it communicates, and has many far-reaching tentacle appendages.

It is theorized that the Gravemind may in fact control other Flood forms, the 'hive mind' of the Flood, or at least influences each form via telepathy. It is also speculated that the Gravemind may be a highly evolved Flood Brain form.

The Gravemind was discovered on Delta Halo in October of 2552. It "saved" Spartan-117 after he fell into the lake under which the Gravemind resides. It also "rescued" the Arbiter as he fell to his doom within the depths of the Library. It forced the two of them to cooperate in order to stop the Prophets of Mercy and Truth from activating Delta Halo's primary weapon.

Cortana later deduced that the Gravemind had in fact duped everyone. It needed a method of escaping Installation 05 and while the Master Chief, The Arbiter, Sgt. Maj. Johnson and Commander Keyes were trying to stop Truth and Mercy it had the Flood take over In Amber Clad, Keyes' ship. It used the ship to move itself from Delta Halo to High Charity, the Covenant holy city.

The Gravemind is either made of countless bodies that were unsuitable as Combat or Carrier forms or maybe the last Forerunner Flood form in existence. The Art of Halo: Creating a Virtual World states that the Gravemind is “literally built from the bodies of its enemies and its own fallen warriors reassembled into a massive, tentacled, and intelligent entity."

It is not known how that Gravemind managed to survive the first Halo activation, as he(or it) being a sentient life form should have died with the rest of the Forerunners as well.

Juggernaut Form
The Flood Juggernaut is a large Flood form found encoded in the Halo 2 disc (the same way as the Engineers in Halo 1). The Juggernaut Flood is huge, at least twice as tall as the Master Chief. It can jump twice as far as the already ridiculously far jumping Combat Forms. It is speculated that the Juggernaut was created to destroy the Guardians, as the tentacles would have no problem snatching one out of the air. It is also believed by some to be an infected Brute. There is nothing stopping it from being one, so it is possible.

History
Next to nothing is known about their origins. Some think that they are some kind of primitive life form accidentally discovered by the ancient Forerunner race. Others believe that they were a Forerunner attempt at cloning or resurrection. However, their potential for destruction is not in doubt. Their all-consuming nature and their dependence on sentient life means that it would be impossible for the Flood to be a part of any conventional ecosystem. As such, it is not unreasonable to assume that the Flood is not entirely natural if at all.

This much is known; the Flood were kept by the Forerunners for scientific study on the Halos as well as other structures. Oddly enough the Halos are an immense weapons array designed for the sole purpose of wiping out the Flood's food, not the Flood itself. Although the intention was such the fact that the Flood still exists indicates that the Forerunner's plan may have failed.

Assimilation
The Parasite takes over the bodies of hosts and assimilates them into the Flood. This is done via Flood Infection Forms. Infection Forms have long tendrils that pierce the skin of the host and find their way to the spinal cord. From here they synchronize with the host, taking over brain functions to prevent resistance of any kind. After this time, the original mind is erased memory by memory, until nothing is left but a "hungry" Flood form. Separate tendrils release aggressive spores laced with Flood DNA into the host, causing the body to mutate into a Combat Form or a Carrier Form.

Combat Forms are the closest thing to what we would deem as a Flood "military". It's sole purpose to attack and later capture more able host bodies. Of the many species in Halo, only two are known to produce fully matured Combat Forms; the Humans and the Elites. The Grunts are believed to be mutated into Carrier Forms because they are too small and weak to be effective as Combat Forms. While there has been no evidence as to why the Flood have not shown assimilation of other species, many theories abound. Jackals are believed to have a too porous, bird-like bone structure, but a Jackal once had it's spine tapped by an Infection Form, for apparently combat purposes, only to be killed by Yayap and his squad of Jackals. Brutes are believed to lack sufficient neural function or that the infection forms cannot penetrate their thick hide. Drones would provide more than sufficient calcium stores in their insectoid exoskeleton, though it would probably be nearly impossible for flood infection forms to penetrate, even if they could actually catch these quick flyers. Some believe that the Flood have certain "tastes", similar to that of Humans. However, seeing as there are often no bodies found after a Flood attack, it is very possible that the mentioned species are vulnerable to Flood infection and have simply not been encountered. Hunters cannot be successfully assimilated by the Flood due to their bodily makeup consisting of hundreds of invertebrate entities. It is speculated that other, larger races, such as Drinol or Sharquoi become larger Flood organisms, such as Flood Juggernauts.

The Effects of Assimilation on the Host's Body
The book Halo: The Flood describes the effects of assimilation on the human body in great detail.
 * First the host's extremities grow numb and their lungs feel heavy. Then the greater Flood intelligence begins to take over the mind.
 * The host's vision seems to be "a gauzy white haze", but the host can make out shapes . The host can hear a low droning through the ordeal.
 * The limbs feel to the host as if they are made of a spongy liquid. Their lungs itch as well.
 * The Flood controlled Combat Form can generate "tentacles" at a rather rapid pace, in total disregard for the host's skeletal structure.
 * There also seems to be an agent released into the host's blood stream that softens bone tissue.
 * Combat forms also seem to resemble their host before the infection to a degree.

The only known way to effectively stop a Flood infection is to have Boren's Syndrome, the radiation-caused disease that Sgt. Johnson has. Boren's Syndrome does not completely deny the infection, however, which is proven by the fact that Johnson has an increased, but still limited, regeneration ability. However there appears to be some debate as to the validity of this condition. There is some evidence to support the accusation that Boren's Syndrome was in fact a cover for Sgt. Johnson's speculated status as a Spartan I.

Halo: Combat Evolved and Halo 2
Though the Flood can survive in environments that are suitable to both Covenant and Humans, they prefer to alter it to their own preferences. This happens when the Flood release deadly spores that only they can breathe. Only someone wearing a hermetically sealed suit or other protective garment can survive through the change. The Flood can alter the atmosphere of a planet, transforming it so non-Flood life forms can no longer survive, thus they become easy prey for the Flood. After the Flood was released on Halo they began to change it, but thankfully they did not succeed.

The Flood is a very intelligent race, gaining the knowledge of each host they infect. In addition, they are under the control of the Flood "puppet master" The Gravemind (this is revealed in the Halo 3 plot summary on bungie.net).

=Battlefield Tactics=


 * The UNSC tends to use firepower rather than numbers, preferring a tactic of using a few strong, well trained units with a lot of firepower to achieve their goals.


 * The Covenant tend to outnumber and overrun their enemies, relying more on the bravery and courage of their loyal soldiers rather than pure firepower.


 * [[Image:Catch.jpg|250px|thumb||left|Typical Flood attack strategy; swarms of Combat Forms in front with Infection forms following]]The Flood on the other hand have no obvious strategy. They fight without fear of death or injuries (a lone Combat Form will sometimes sacrifice itself to advance the cause of the battle). They attack by finding a group of enemies and then send everything they have at them hoping for victory through attrition. The Flood have shown a preference for close combat. Their less than exemplary motor skills make them poor shots, but they have powerful whipping tentacles that cause great damage at close range. In the melee it is not uncommon for Flood to be destroyed by one another in the madness of combat. The Flood does not worry about such collateral damage since disabled Flood bodies can be reanimated by Infection forms. Dead Flood can only be permanently disabled by being completely destroyed. A tactic that the flood sometimes use is to send in waves of combat forms as cannon fodder to drain the enemies ammuntition supplies and then come in with waves of infection forms to claim the vulnerable enemies.

Halo Graphic Novel
It should be noted that the Flood assimilation and behavior in HGN was somewhat different from the games. It is stated by the Legate that the Flood is mentioned in the holy texts of the Forerunner and they are one of the tests before the Great Journey. He also stated that the Flood were gathering bodies and body parts, giving them to the larger organism which demonstrated some form of intelligence and the general consumption of animal matter. This is similar to the events in Halo 1 where the Master Chief boards a Covenant ship to find Captain Keyes. Cortana notes the Flood are gathering bodies and it is most likely for the Brain Form that was found on the bridge.

Also, the rate of infection in the Covenant forces was extremely fast. Within minutes of contact, many Elites and Grunts were mutated quickly into Flood forms. The mutations occurred randomly and were not uniform in any way. Sometimes the Elites were transformed into larger forms than the Combat Form. Other times they developed a Flood-like carapace and on many occasions on the Infinite Succor, the Flood used tentacles as their primary weapon similar to the Gravemind. However, when Rtas 'Vadumee battled his comrade Kusovai, Kusovai continued to mutate throughout the duration of the battle, suggesting the possibility that over time any infected host can mutate further and further.

In addition, the Flood can instantly absorb knowledge from an infected host into their collective mind. When Rtas' teammates were assimilated, the Flood could open any doors and access any system on the ship right after the teammates were assimilated. When the Flood then assimilated the Legate, the Flood reflected the knowledge of him to Rtas while he was in engineering, mocking him and stating that "The Forerunner not defeat us...what chance you?" It would appear that the threat of the Flood is far greater than previously assumed.

Trivia

 * There was never a Grunt or Jackal combat form seen. These are instantly turned into Carrier forms, as they are useless for combat in their current state.
 * The first known Human to be infected by the Flood was a UNSC Marine named Private Riley.
 * In both Halo and Halo 2, Combat forms are always seen wielding two-handed weapons, such as the Shotgun, with one hand, and never seem to need to reload them. Just like other AI, the Flood never run out of ammo.
 * It could be said that the one responsible for releasing the Flood is 'Qualomee, because he accidentally told Captain Keyes of the Covenant "weapons cache". However, it could be argued that the Flood escaped earlier, since the Marines found dead Covenant throughout the installation including an Elite with a hole in its torso. Though, if this were caused by an infection form, it seems odd that it did not remain in the Elite, turning it into a combat form. Kappus adds that the Covenant worked hard to seal the door where the Master Chief first encounters the Flood. Also, 343 Guilty Spark tells Master Chief that he believes the Covenant responsible for releasing the Flood.
 * You can kill the infection form with a sword and you only lose 3% of its battery power.
 * In Halo 2, if you destroy both arms of the carrier form, for some reason, they will walk in one direction very slowly then explode leaving the infection form there. The reason this happens is unknown, but it might be a process for the infection form to get out of a damaged body.
 * In Halo 2 you can instantly kill a Combat Form by shooting at its chest, where the tendrils come out. You will know that you have a perfect shot when the cross hairs turn solid bright red and a small red dot appears in the center. This destroys the Infection form, leaving only an empty shell of a corpse. You may have to do this multiple times, though, even though it may appear like you have a perfect shot. This also can be done with Sniper Rifles or Beam Rifles, but it is very hard to do so. Shotguns do not work, since they kill it anyway. This is best done on Sacred Icon (Level) with a Battle Rifle. In the later stages of Halo 2 some Flood combat forms start utilizing the Energy shield from their victim. This makes them much more dangerous, as it takes roughly double the damage to take them out and needler ammo doesn't go near them.
 * In Halo Combat Evolved, once both arms fell off they were unable to fight. They would still chase after you, but would not have any way of harming you. However, due to a glitch, human flood forms would often smack the player with an arm that does not exist.
 * A glitch causes green Flood blood often to show up in orange Hunter blood in Halo Combat Evolved.