Cryonics

Though often mistaken for cryogenics, which is merely the study of cold on materials, cryonics is the science of cryo-preservation, using a mixture of factors to preserve a human being or other organism in stasis for periods of time.

Essentially, extremely low temperatures are created, preserving the human body almost indefinitely. Preserving the human brain is more problematic, but human technology has overcome the obstacles of neural tissue damage and resuscitation, but with tissue damage still being a problem, causing what is colloquially called "freezer burn." The UNSC utilizes specialized drugs to prevent freezer burn.

Cryonic suspension can reduce the metabolism to near zero, thus preventing aging and eliminating the body's need for oxygen, food, and warmth. The UNSC uses cryonic storage pods in long-range warships, maintaining only skeleton crews until nearing their target zone. Personnel are stored in cryonic suspension for long periods to prevent aging during the journey and to conserve onboard resources.

It is unknown whether the Covenant use a version of this technology. Given the dramatically higher speeds their warships can achieve, though, it is unlikely that it is necessary. The Forerunners used a system similar in practice, but using slipspace to store the personnel within the pod instead of merely freezing them.

Put-down cycle
Individuals enter cryonic suspension without any clothing. This is because clothing tends to bond the skin at extremely low temperatures. Individuals who disregard this and enter cryo-sleep with clothing or bandages will often awake to find their skin blistered and raw.

The "put-down" cycle takes seven minutes. During the first four minutes anesthetic gas causes the subject to become drowsy. Then another gas causes reacts to form a bronchial surfactant when inhaled, coating the passages of the lungs to help ensure a smooth wake cycle.

Cytoprethaline, a drug used by the UNSC during cryo-sleep, prevents damage to the occupants cell membranes caused by ice crystal formation. It is recommended that a doctor administer the drug, but most of the time the shot is administered by a medic or by a pre-measured self-injector.

Once the subject is prepped, the chamber automatically proceeds to the freezing stage. The unit begins to rapidly cool the body and administers an electric current that precisely counters the normal wave across the heart muscle, stopping its rhythm. The unit reaches the optimal storage temperature in three minutes.

Wake cycle
Some subjects report dreaming in cryo-sleep, but scientists maintain that dreaming in this state is physically impossible due to the cessation of a neurochemical processes in the brain during suspension. The likely explanation is that most subjects experience a burst of REM sleep during the wake cycle; subjects erroneously attribute these dreams to their cryo-sleep time.

Once started the wake cycle takes approximately fifteen minutes to complete. The subject is warmed in a controlled manner and an electric current is applied to stimulate the heart muscle. The lid of the chamber will open automatically when the cycle is completed, and the interior lighting increases to full brightness. Most sleepers do not awaken until this time.

When awakening, sleepers are required to sit erect in the chamber, take one breath, and cough. This first breath may be laborious to draw, but it is imperative to clear the lungs and surplus surfactant immediately. The surfactant is designed to be immediately swallowed in order to replace nutrients lost during the journey. Some UNSC personnel find the taste of the surfactant to be unpleasant.

If time is not of the essence, personnel may utilize the showers located adjacent to the cryo-bay deck. On military vessels, barracks and weapon lockers are often located near the cryo-deck so waking troops can be rapidly dressed and equipped for combat.

Flash thawing
Accelerated waking, known as "flash thawing" is dangerous and has a high mortality rate, and is therefore only invoked in the most dire of emergencies. Emergency heating coils - coupled with a rapid infusion of stimulants, notably adrenaline - can bring a subject out of cryo-sleep in less than five minutes. In such cases, the subject's effectiveness is reduced for several hours and he or she is often disoriented.

Spartan-II's are augmented and specially trained to respond well to flash-thawing, and as a result suffer almost no ill effects.

Emergency Protocol
If a subject fails to wake up, a medical resuscitation package is located at the end of each row of cryogenic chambers. All UNSC personnel are trained to use the device, which includes a heart stimulator and breathing mask. If the subject cannot be revived, the lid of the chamber should be closed, and the emergency freezing cycle activated. A physician should attend to the subject prior to subsequent reawakening.

Trivia

 * Theoretically, no harm would come to subjects in suspension for hundreds of years or more, presuming no interruption occurred in the power supply to the chamber, however nobody has ever been subjected to such a test, so the endurance factor is simply educated conjecture.
 * Even though humans must enter a cryo-tube naked or risk being blistered when they emerge, Professor Ellen Anders of Halo Wars and Dr. Catherine Halsey in The Package both entered their tubes fully clothed. These were cases of artistic license, however, since showing nudity would force up the content ratings of both the game and the short film.