Forerunner

"After exhausting every other strategic option, my creators activated the rings. They, and all additional sentient life within three radii of the galactic center died, as planned."

- 343 Guilty Spark, explaining the fate of the Forerunner.

Forerunner is the translated name for the ancient race of enlightened beings whose empire, known as the Ecumene, encompassed three million fertile worlds in the Milky Way Galaxy approximately 100,000 years ago. They were the creators and builders of many significant installations, including the Halo Array, the Ark and Shield Worlds, and many lesser artifacts later found on numerous worlds. All that is known about the Forerunners has been gleaned from these various artifacts. The predecessors of the Forerunner are thought to be another alien race, known as the Precursors. The alien faction known as the Covenant worshiped the Forerunners as gods, deriving much of their technology from Forerunner artifacts found throughout the galaxy, and believing any who mutilated or destroyed these relics to be heretics.

Known history
"The Forerunners were a wise, highly intelligent, noble people, and with a belief in justice, in peace, they bravely faced the adversary. They sought to sterilize it."

- Cortana on the Forerunners.

The Forerunners were a very advanced civilization, coming to power after the disappearance of another race, known to them as the Precursors. Unbeknownst to the Forerunners in the year 100,000 B.C.E, the Forerunners had been created by the Precursors, and millions of years earlier had overthrown and destroyed them, leaving only one in permanent containment on Charum Hakkor.

They evolved on the planet Ghibalb, and it served as the hub of their fledgling interstellar civilization until it was rendered uninhabitable by an astroengineering disaster. The Forerunners had attempted to manipulate several stars in their region of space, but accidentally caused a series of supernovae that resulted in their planet being burned to a cinder by radiation. The Forerunners reached their peak before activating the Halo Array around 100,000 B.C.E, in the closing days of the Forerunner-Flood War.

In the year 110,000 B.C.E the Forerunner went to war with the Human Empire. The Forerunner were responding to a perceived invasion of new colony worlds by Humans. At the time the Human - San’Shyuum invasion was thought to be caused by both Human resentment at Forerunner expansionism for the previous 50 years and by growing Human populations. It was only after the war was concluded that the real reason for the Human invasion was discovered; a desperate Human migration away from a parasitic infestation that the Humans called The Flood. The Humans had fought a two front war, Forerunner and The Flood at the same time and it had been too much for their Empire. The defeat of The Flood infestation had left the Human Empire too weak to also defeat the Forerunner. Later inquiry into The Flood parasite found no evidence of the Human claim and it was dismissed as an excuse to invade Forerunner space. As punishment children of the Human race were de-evolved and shattered into a dozen forms, the remaining humans executed.

Later in their history, a Forerunner survey team came into contact with the extragalactic parasite known as the Flood on the planet G 617 g (details of this first contact are unavailable). After this first contact, the Forerunner immediately recognized the great danger that the Flood posed to the entire galaxy and attempted to contain them. However, even they underestimated the potential of the Flood to learn and adapt, believing it to be a non-sentient but highly contagious disease. As such, the attempt to contain the Flood was a failure, as they tried methods more suited to disease control than warfare, trying to contain and quarantine the Flood rather than attack and destroy it outright. They did not start war until it was far too late.

When the Forerunners were unable to contain the Flood outbreak, the galaxy entered a state of war. During the 300 years of the conflict, the Forerunner studied the Flood in labs such as the gas mine located in the atmosphere of Threshold, looking for any exploitable weakness. As the Forerunners soon realized that conventional naval tactics were ineffective against the parasite's onslaught, they developed new weapons and tactics to combat the Flood. The Sentinels were deployed as a means of maintaining the Flood through surgical, localized tactics. The Forerunner fleet command even contemplated using naval battle groups to enact premature stellar collapse within compromised planetary systems, causing supernovae to engulf entire worlds. However, as these tactics proved only to slow, but never stop the expansion of the Flood, the Forerunner leadership realized that the only way to stop the Flood was to deprive it of any and all hosts, thus eliminating its potential to grow. Eventually, the Forerunners created the Halo Array, a weapon of last resort designed to starve the Flood to death by killing all sentient life with enough biomass to sustain them. At first, the Forerunners were reluctant to use the Array, believing that they should continue to embrace the Mantle and to protect life rather than to destroy it. This led to great stretches of anguished debate and even civil war, but eventually it was decided that the Array was the only means of successfully stopping the Flood threat. The Gravemind managed to convince a Contender-class AI, 032 Mendicant Bias, to unite with the Flood. Mendicant Bias soon led his massive fleet in an attack on the "Maginot Line", the final barrier between what the Forerunners could protect and what they were forced to abandon to the Flood. At last, the Forerunners exhausted every alternative and activated the Halo array, killing themselves and all sentient life of sufficient biomass in the Milky Way, with the exception of those species safely placed on the Ark.

After the Array was fired and the Flood had been eliminated, the species the Forerunners had placed on Installation 00 were returned to their home planets. Whether this was done by remaining Forerunners (it is unclear if any survived) or through automated means is unknown. If some Forerunners remained, then it appears that they chose to leave the galaxy for unknown reasons. It is also possible that they could have left to occupy new galaxies or simply to escape the Halo Array when it fired.

Physiology
Very little is known about the Forerunners' physical appearance. They were a bipedal species slightly resembling humans, and they possessed hair on their heads and fur of some kind on their shoulder area. Their skin color ranged greatly, including gray, blue, pink, or a mixture thereof. The Forerunners may have possessed five-fingered hands, but this may have been Cortana's interpretation of the evidence available to her. Form-Zero Manipulars such as Bornstellar Makes Eternal Lasting resembled humans to some degree. They also had a genetic code that was remarkably similar to humans, though they were not known to be genetically related. All Forerunners wore personal body armor which featured many functions, including protection from harm and medical assistance. This armor also eliminated their need to sleep.

Forerunners were extremely long-lived; the Librarian, for example, lived on Earth for ten thousand years, and had most likely been alive considerably longer.

Mutation
When a Manipular was ready to work within a particular rate, they would undergo an artificially-induced transformation into a more advanced form, which differed depending on the Manipular's chosen caste. Referred to as a "mutation", the transition typically occurred over a long period of time. A typical Forerunner would undergo several mutations over the course of a lifetime, though this was not always the case. Mutations altered Forerunners' abilities and physical shape to suit their class; Warrior-Servants, for example, underwent mutations that made them stronger and more robust. After their first mutation, Forerunners also gained the ability to access the Domain.

In emergency circumstances, an operation known as a "brevet mutation" could be performed on a Manipular. This was a mutation that occurred over a much briefer period of time, and was often painful. Rarely, a brevet mutation could fail and result in deformities. The Didact performed a brevet mutation on Bornstellar Makes Eternal Lasting to give him access to the Domain.

Culture
The Forerunner civilization was based around the Mantle, a belief that it was their role to protect all life in the galaxy. They monitored the evolution of other sentient species throughout the galaxy, intervening in ways that ensured their civilizations would follow paths of peace, free of conflict. The Forerunners themselves were a race almost entirely without conflict, and although political disputes were not uncommon, violence or war between Forerunners was almost unheard of.

While they generally strove for peace, when provoked to a war, the Forerunner Warrior-Servants would carry out the war ruthlessly and thoroughly, as they believed defying them was equal to showing contempt to the Mantle itself. One example is the Human-Forerunner War, where many humans were executed following their defeat, and all traces of human achievement was erased from the galaxy.

Languages
Forerunners spoke a variety of languages. Some dialects were older than others, and accordingly were less widely used. Digon was an ancient language used by Prometheans, while Jagon was a slightly less old language used by Builders.

Societal classes
Forerunner society was divided into a number of different classes known as "rates", each rate seeming to specialize in a particular field of work. "Manipular" was a term used to refer to adolescent individuals.

Funerary rites
When a Forerunner died (usually by accident or, on rare occasions, during war) elaborate ceremonies would be enacted before their remains were disposed of in fusion fires associated with the activities of their rates — a melting torch or planet cutter, for example.

First, the Forerunner's last memories would be extracted from his armor, which preserved a few hours of the occupant's mental patterns. This reduced splinter of personality would be placed in a time-locked Durance, which has a half-life of more than a million years. The body would then be torched in a solemn ceremony attended only by close relations. A bit of plasma from the immolation was preserved by the appointed Master of the Mantle, who secured it along with the essence in the Durance. The Durance was then given to the closest members of the dead Forerunner’s family, who were charged with making sure that it would never be abused. Families and rates were very protective of such places, and tampering with a family Durance was considered sacrilege.

Forerunner technology
The Forerunner's technological achievements were without parallel in the known galaxy. They managed to create solidified surfaces out of light, use Slipspace to teleport between locations almost instantaneously, and create numerous forms of advanced machinery. The Halo Rings themselves, the Micro-Dyson Mark II sphere, which is connected through a portal to the shield world Onyx, and the Ark (Installation 00) are, above all others, the most significant pieces of Forerunner technology. The planet Onyx in particular demonstrates both their ability for engineering on a grand scale, and their near transcendent grasp of Slipspace technology. It is unknown how much of their technology is based on the technology of the Precursors if any.

Covenant Luminaries (which are actually recovered Forerunner equipment designed to detect other Forerunner objects) can detect Humans, previously mislabeled as "Forerunner Artifacts", leading to the initial Human-Covenant contact which sparked a seemingly endless war. Ironically, the Covenant worships the Forerunners but fight Humans, who have been confirmed as Reclaimers by the Oracle.

Huragok are the only known Forerunner creation to be both non-robotic and to join the Covenant.

Forerunners have the technology to reproduce entire individuals from encoded DNA/RNA/silicon samples in data streams. This was mentioned in the Bestiarum: "DNA/RNA/Silicon samples are encoded in this data stream. Reproduction of individuals for analysis is prohibited by this facility."

Spacecraft
Forerunner spacecraft used special crystals to travel through slipspace. In order to move through ordinary space, they utilized a reaction drive which harnessed virtual particles as a propulsive force.

Certain Forerunner ships could be "grown" from a design "seed", unfolding from a highly compact state into a fully functional spacecraft.

At least some types of Forerunner craft can alter their geometry to better suit their current situation, for example, making the ship more areodynamic in preperation for surface landing.

Weaponry
Forerunner constructs and sentries use a broad variety of weapons, typically high-powered energy beams. These weapons proved to be very effective when battling the Flood, burning Flood forms to the point that they cannot be revived by their compatriots. The Forerunners have also proven to be able to merge beams together into one stream to amplify its power. The Forerunners installed and constructed these intricate beam weapons inside their paradigm Arrays, allowing them to build an army of machines to battle the Flood without sending any Forerunner to the front lines. Forerunners evidently made active use of plasma weaponry as well; the Covenant's own weapons and technology are solely based on Forerunner artifacts. It could also be that these are forerunner light-based energy weapons, yet the Covenant have not yet been able to unlock their full power, much like the Dreadnought - and are only able to produce plasma due to lower energy output.

The Sentinels wield orange-colored directed energy beams, used primarily for fighting the Flood. Sentinel Majors however, have a more powerful and accurate version of the beam, which sports superior energy output, at the cost of overheating issues. These more advanced energy beams are colored blue. All variants of these Sentinel Beams can be wielded by Humans and certain Covenant races.

Meanwhile, Enforcers are equipped with multiple packs of small grenades, or mortar-like explosives launched over the top of their shield. The Enforcer also boasts a pair of Pulse Beams, which fire clusters of smaller red Needler-like projectiles or bolts of energy at an incredibly high rate of fire. These pulse beams are primarily used against infantry at close range. These mammoth constructs also seem capable of lifting even tanks, using some sort of magnetic or anti-gravity grapple, before crushing the target between their massive 'arms'. The Constructors' repair beam can also be considered a weapon, but with minimal damage output.

The Sentinels of Onyx had significantly more powerful weaponry. They were described to be a sphere surrounded by three floating "booms", or small pieces of armor that possessed powerful energy shields which would suddenly "pop" into place in order to deflect objects moving at high velocities. Their shields are not activated by slow-moving objects, however - Team Saber used this to their advantage to destroy one of the Sentinels with rocks. Their energy weapons are described as a single, slow-charging, golden beam that could melt straight through the SPI armor of the Spartan-IIIs. SPARTAN-058 had also noted that one blast from these weapons was enough to drain the shields of her MJOLNIR Mk V armor. The Onyx Sentinels also have the ability to combine for different purposes, such as exponentially increasing their combat capabilities, or for large-scale excavation. One formation of these combined Sentinels was able to easily destroy two Covenant destroyers. However, it should be noted that the second Covenant Destroyer was caught off guard after a Slipspace jump, and the first one had its energy shields down in a gesture of peace, trying to initiate contact with the forerunner constructs.

The Forerunners also constructed Automated Turrets that fire blue beams similar to those of sentinel majors. These turrets themselves resemble stripped-down sentinels, and hover in mid-air, tracking enemy targets, but are otherwise immobile.

In Halo 3, it seemed that even the Monitors had the ability to defend themselves against the Flood using a focused beam similar to the Sentinel's beam, but much more powerful. 343 Guilty Spark displayed this ability in Floodgate, The Covenant and Halo. The weapon was capable of draining the shields of a Spartan-II in one blast and mortally wounding Sergeant Major Avery Johnson. It is also quite odd and puzzling as to why 2401 Penitent Tangent didn't use this ability against the Gravemind in Halo 2. It is assumed that the Gravemind is likely to have damaged 2401 Penitent Tangent when he captured the Monitor, disabling its beam weaponry. It could simply be that it was not equipped with one, although this is highly unlikely due to the importance of the monitors to ensure the Halo Station's upkeep.

Forerunners themselves used advanced exoskeletons called combat skins and wielded an as yet unnamed beam weapon.

Art and architecture


Forerunner architecture distinguishes itself from Covenant structures in that they incorporate heavy use of geometric angles, usually at either extremely sharp degrees (as the Forerunner buildings are usually triangular), or at forty-five degree angles, most notably seen in Halo: Combat Evolved. Most Forerunner architecture is constructed with a special type of silver-gray metal that resists deterioration, bullets, plasma bolts and fire, as made evident by Forerunner structures standing in pristine condition 100,000-150,500 years after they were built. However, their resistance to plasma fire is more limited; in Halo: Ghosts of Onyx the Elites blasted a hole in a Forerunner wall with plasma weapons. In Halo 2, Sgt. Avery Johnson destroyed the door to the control room of Delta Halo with a Scarab. Other structures are constructed out of traditional materials, such as chalcedonic quartz, which does not preserve nearly so well. Other structures and certain starships were built with a golden-bronze colored metal.

These structures employ complex geometric shapes that appear to operate in dimensions higher than human understanding can comprehend. The Forerunners also decorated the interiors of their structures with a complex pattern of engraved straight lines and applied decorative touches and designs to nearly everything that they built, from structures to weapons. Even the Sentinel robotic drones possess small holographic Forerunner script around their "eyes".

The Forerunners were highly skilled at creating natural-looking habitats, such as those of the Halo Installations, which tend to be very elaborate and include realistic weather patterns and self-sustaining biomes. Forerunner structures were designed to compliment the natural landscape, as opposed to the human idea of replacing it. That said, their distinctive beauty are not restricted to Halo Array network. The Aztec-esque stones of Cote D'Azur, the arches and weathered inscriptions of Sigma Octanus IV, the intricate caverns and three-kilometer holographic dome beneath ONI's Reach complex, the ancient stepping-stones of the Grunt's homeworld, and the Forerunner City discovered in the depths of the human-inhabited Onyx, all display the Forerunner's innovative architectures.

Originally, the ideas and concepts on Forerunner structures and technology was that it would be sleek and curved to give it an advanced feel. However, Bungie wanted the structures to feel as if they could stand the test of time and redesigned them to be solid and monolithic. The smooth, near-organic design would later be adopted by the Covenant in their architecture, although they did not adopt the Forerunner tradition of decorating their structures with glyphs. In Halo Wars the Forerunner counting system is used to open and close portals on the last level.

Forerunner astroengineering
While the Forerunners' architectural and technological prowess is legendary among the Covenant and UNSC, their masterpieces also extended to the fields of stellar engineering. The Shield World within Onyx existed permanently in Slipspace, where planets and stars cannot ordinarily exist, and the Ark was located far outside of the galaxy. Another known Shield World is the planet discovered by the Spirit of Fire. This world had an outer crust like Onyx, but its inner Dyson sphere was accessed through a long narrow tunnel hidden under one of the planets oceans. Once through the tunnel, the Spirit of Fire had to pass through several "cleansing rings" in order to make it to the center of the planet. This Dyson sphere, unlike the Onyx Dyson sphere, was not separated in slipspace but was actually constructed on what appeared to be hollowed out inside of the planet. This sphere seemed to have had an artificially created or minituarized sun, as it was able to fit within the confines of the planet's diameter.

The Forerunners were capable of moving and manipulating entire stars for use in their megastructures; At least three Forerunner sites, the Shield World Onyx, and the Micro Dyson Sphere that holds the Apex, made use of suns where none should exist. The sun at the center of the Dyson Sphere where the Apex was housed was abnormally small, in order to accommodate the planet-sized Dyson Sphere. Whether these suns are artificially engineered or simply moved from another star system by the Forerunner is unknown: either would have been an enormous technological achievement. It is known that the Forerunners at least experimented with manipulating young stars by 100,000 B.C.E., employing stellar-class Engineers known colloquially as "Plasma Jockeys". The Ark made use of an artificial "star" that emitted plasmas for illumination.

Forerunner glyphs and symbols


The Forerunner glyphs seem to be based on a series of circular, complex shapes. The glyphs have been inscribed almost everywhere Forerunners were once present, from different areas of Earth, to the Halos. They were also known to put these glyphs and symbols onto their weapons, machinery and clothing, something the Covenant also copied, evident with the Forerunner symbols placed on the hilt of the Energy Sword and on the Sangheili Combat Harness. One of the most well known glyphs is the "reclaimer" symbol, which also happens to be the logo of the Marathon series and a recurring image in the Halo universe.

In addition to the well-known symbols and logograms, the Forerunners also utilized a more conventional writing system. The characters used in forerunner writing have been described as resembling a series of dots, bars and triangles.

Forerunner in Covenant religion
The Covenant venerate the Forerunners as gods and refer to them as the "Ancients" or "the Gods". The Covenant believed that the Forerunners disappeared from the galaxy after the Halo Array elevated the Forerunner to a state of trans-sentient godhood. As such, they have appropriated many Forerunner technologies and artifacts, and such searching led to the Covenant coming to Harvest in the first place, therefore beginning the Human-Covenant war. The most holy of these artifacts, the Sacred Rings or Halo Installations, were seen as the means by which the Forerunners ascended into divinity. The Covenant believed themselves to be the chosen inheritors of the Forerunners' legacy, and by locating and activating the Halo Array, the Covenant believed that they too could follow the Forerunners into godhood. This is referred to as the "Great Journey" by the Covenant races.

Trivia

 * The Forerunners show some similarities (their highly advanced technology and the fact that they mysteriously vanished) to the Jjaro, a race of aliens from a previous Bungie game, Marathon. The concept of a highly advanced extinct race leaving technological relics behind is not a new concept and is indeed a fairly common element of science fiction of all media, from books, to films.
 * The Forerunners were the main focus of the alternate reality game, Iris.
 * It was announced recently that a trilogy of books based on the Forerunners' culture and their war with the Flood will be written by Greg Bear. The first of these books was released on January 4th, 2011, called Cryptum.
 * In Halo, the last campaign mission in Halo 3, there is a cutscene in which a rampant 343 Guilty Spark says to John-117; "You are the child of my makers. Inheritor of all they left behind. You are Forerunner." This, among other things, has led to many fans to conclude that Humanity and the Forerunner are one and the same. However, it has been clarified in later material that while humans and Forerunners may be genetically related, they are two separate species. The Forerunners merely intended humanity to be their successors, and likely did something to the species as a whole to allow Forerunner technology to recognize them. This would explain why the Covenant device for finding Forerunner artifacts always sees humans as moving artifacts.
 * The most likely cause of the Forerunner's interest in Humans in particular is that the two races had extremely similar base genetic codes. This would be of interest to a species such as the Forerunner because of the improbability of the situation: two home planets, two species, two distant points in the galaxy; all leading to virtually identical organisms. This similarity led the Forerunners to theorize that humanity was also shaped by the Precursors.