Forerunner-Flood war

"A hundred thousand years ago, a great civilization existed in this Universe. Like all great civilizations, they faced a sudden and dire turn of events. A threat to their primacy from outside. Something they never expected, never prepared for... a deeply alien threat they called simply the Flood."

- Cortana

The Forerunner-Flood war was a galactic conflict that occurred between the Forerunners and the Flood parasite. It was started on G617 g1 around 100,300 BCE, and lasted approximately three centuries.

Background
The Forerunners originally evolved in and colonized the Milky Way galaxy, organizing themselves over a large number of terrestrial planets and colonizing millions of worlds, as well as forming a structured military which included both naval elements and ground forces. The Forerunners were of sufficient technological capability to construct superluminal vessels, create sophisticated artificial intelligence and set up massive superweapon networks. They measured their advancements in Technological Achievement Tiers.

While powerful, the Forerunners were not the only major civilization in the galaxy. Other races had also developed interstellar empires, including an alliance between prehistoric spacefaring humanity and San 'Shyuum. Around 110,000 BCE, the Flood entered the galaxy from one of the Magellanic Clouds and caught the humans and San 'Shyuum by surprise, infecting their populations and taking their worlds at a steady rate. Eventually, humanity discovered a way to fight the Flood and drove them off the galaxy, but this secret was lost when the Forerunners dismantled human civilization in the aftermath of the human-Forerunner wars.

The threat of the Flood would shape Forerunner politics for millennia to come, with different rates having differing views on how to best prepare against their return. A series of devastating superweapons, known as the Halo Array, was created by the Builders while the Warrior-Servant Prometheans, led by the Didact, devised a more strategic defense solution consisting of numerous military installations known as Shield Worlds. However, the Prometheans lost to the Builders and were forced into exile, and an array of Halo rings was constructed. This also secured the Master Builder Faber's position in the Ecumene Council's favor for over a thousand years.

Aware of the inevitability of the return of the Flood threat, the Lifeworkers led by the Librarian began indexing and protecting species across the galaxy, cataloging them at an extragalactic installation known as the Ark, as a method of countering the total elimination of all sentient species in the galaxy. Due to its colossal scale, this "Conservation Measure" would last all the way until the end of the conflict with the Flood.

After over nine thousand years, the Flood returned, contesting the Forerunners for control of the entire galaxy. While the Flood sought to assimilate all sentient life, the Forerunners attempted to defend against the Flood threat using several measures to both directly combat them as well as carry out research in regards to their capabilities.

Beginning
"It devoured everything it touched. At first, their technology, their courage seemed like it might prevail. But they waited too long to see the threat, to join the fight. The Flood had spread too far and too wide."

- Cortana on the Forerunner-Flood war.

After ten thousand years of absence, the Flood reappeared on the planet G617 g1, a lightly inhabited world harboring a small commune of Forerunners. The Flood initially caught the Forerunner military by surprise, using captured non-military vessels to penetrate local Forerunner naval blockades to descend and land upon Forerunner-colonized worlds, overrunning local defenses and converting billions of Forerunners per world with hundreds of millions of Flood forms within a few years. Eventually, Forerunner fleets were forced to commence orbital bombardment on Flood-infested worlds to prevent the Flood's spread to other planets.

Stalemate
The highest levels and tiers of the Forerunner Fleet Command began to realize that Forerunner species' extinction was plausible at the Flood's discretion as so many Forerunners had fallen victim to the Flood. As the Flood continued to spread, planetary self-bombardment after Flood infestation turned into complete system-wide destruction by detonating planetary system stars after a large Flood presence was detected in a Forerunner system. Forerunner military forces were ordered to don heavy armor and other personnel were ordered into protective stasis. Flood were taken into M-type Forerunner installations and studied in an effort to find yet another countermeasure.

Hundreds of other unsuccessful methods were attempted by the Forerunners to overcome the Flood. Among these failed plans was the use of the Composer, a highly sophisticated Forerunner machine designed to convert organic beings into digital intelligences. It was hoped that this device would save the population of the galaxy from the Flood by converting them into non-organic forms, in the process uplifting them into a transcendent state of immortality. However, the process was flawed, and a satisfactory transition of the consciousness into digital form remained outside the Forerunners' reach.

Over the course of the war, the Flood grew in number and formed a centralized intelligence to coordinate their efforts; a Gravemind, and their raw computing power began to overrun the most formidable Forerunner naval countermeasures, which consisted of using Keyships and drawing the Flood into pricey naval engagements. However, even Forerunner commanders realized that their naval tactics were being overcome, and a new solution was necessary if the Forerunners were to pull of out this stalemate. While galaxy-wide sterilization using the Halo rings existed as an option, the Forerunners would not resort to the Halos until the very end.

While there was a defensive barrier known as the Maginot Sphere where the Forerunners held the Flood at bay, the Forerunner Librarian journeyed beyond this line at great personal risk, continuing her millennial mission of indexing and documenting sentient species across the galaxy, filling every vessel possible with documented species for transit to the Ark for safety in the campaign to save all species possible from the advancing Flood. During this stalemate, the Flood was exponentially growing and readying for an attack.

Crisis
"I kill you all and I enjoy it. I destroy you in your indolent billions - in your gluttony, in your self-righteousness, in your arrogance. I pound your cities into dust; turn back the clock on your civilization's progress. What has taken you millennia to achieve I erase in seconds. Welcome back to the [Stone Age], vermin. Welcome home."

- Mendicant Bias, after turning rampant.

The Forerunners had created a powerful Contender-class artificial intelligence known as Mendicant Bias, and tasked it with leading all of their defensive efforts. Mendicant had deployed major fragments of itself on numerous warships as well as all of the twelve installations of the original Halo Array. Around 100,043 BCE, Mendicant Bias was charged with the first test-firing of a Halo, Installation 07, near the former Precursor world of Charum Hakkor. As a result of this small-scale activation, an ancient entity imprisoned on Charum Hakkor, known as the Primordial, was released and subsequently transported to Installation 07 for study. Master Builder Faber tasked Mendicant Bias with interrogating the Primordial before having Installation 07 moved to a hidden locale to conduct his own unsanctioned experiments in secret. During its 43-year long discourse with the Primordial, Mendicant Bias was convinced by the entity, actually a Gravemind left behind by the Precursors, to turn against its Forerunner masters.

Around 100,000 BCE, Faber used Installation 07 to suppress a San 'Shyuum insurrection, practically wiping out the species aside from samples indexed by the Librarian. The Ecumene Council deemed this a severe violation against the Mantle, the Forerunners' pledge to preserve all life in the galaxy. The remaining Halo rings were to be brought to the Forerunners' capital and were slated to be decommissioned, as they were deemed too destructive. This turned out to be a miscalculation on the Forerunners' part, as the rampant Mendicant Bias would arrive aboard Installation 07 and take control of many of the Halo rings over the capital. Despite heavy resistance from the Forerunner fleets, Mendicant Bias successfully fired Installation 07 in the capital system, delivering a catastrophic blow to the Forerunner leadership for a time.

Up until this point, the Forerunner government had downplayed the Flood threat, even keeping it hidden from the general populace of their core systems. However, they were eventually forced to take more drastic measures in order to survive. The Forerunner government remained in disarray after Mendicant Bias' attack. With the Master Builder removed from power, the Didact returned after a millennium of exile and reassumed command of the Forerunner military. Hoping to defeat the Flood via conventional strategy, the Didact reactivated his shield worlds and the defense plan he had engineered thousands of years earlier. The Forerunners scored a temporary victory as the Didact's forces reclaimed Installation 07 and captured its rampant Mendicant Bias fragment. The Ecumene Council, which had been crippled by Mendicant Bias' attack, was reinstated shortly afterward.

Endgame
"Something is wrong...at night I can see it--flitting shadows--black against the stars. Thousands of ships! Not spiraling outward, but heading for the line! This is the tipping point, Didact. It's no longer feeding. It's coming for you."

- The Librarian to the Didact.

After their many failures to contain the Flood via conventional means, the Forerunners turned to their one final countermeasure. This was the activation of the Halo Array and destruction of all sentient life in the galaxy, depriving the Flood of all biomass that they could consume, thus halting them. Seven remaining Halo installations were distributed in locations where their simultaneous firing would cover the entire galaxy. Most species of the galaxy had been indexed and remained on the Ark to preserve them from the Array's pulse. Although most high-ranking Forerunners, including the Librarian, accepted the dire inevitability of activating the Halos, the Didact continued to adamantly oppose the plan, saying that it would overturn the Mantle.

Instead, the Didact devised a solution of his own. Using the Composer, he converted his Promethean warriors into an army of war machines, devoid of biological matter for the Flood to feed on. Although these constructs were successful against the Flood, their numbers were ultimately insufficient against the parasite's onslaught. In order to create more machines for his army, the Didact began to harvest the minds of humans; both out of what he saw as a necessity, but also as a final retribution for humanity's past actions. This was a grave transgression in the eyes of the Librarian, who had already laid plans for humanity as the successors to the Forerunners. In order to stop the Didact, the Librarian forcibly incapacitated him and imprisoned him within the shield world Requiem.

However, the Didact had previously duplicated his consciousness into another body, and a different incarnation of the Didact continued to lead the Forerunners' military efforts against the Flood for the rest of the war. In the final days before the Halo rings were to be activated, the Librarian journeyed to Earth and buried the the Ark portal there. Embracing her inevitable demise, she intended to spend her last days on Earth. Meanwhile, the Flood, which had been exponentially growing and readying for an attack, assaulted the Forerunner core systems with thousands of Flood-filled superluminal vessels led by Mendicant Bias. In response, three Forerunner naval groups, the Emergency Circumstance Fleet, Security Fleet, and Suppression Fleet, were recalled to defend against the Flood attack. Ignoring the Librarian's pleas to activate the Array immediately, the Didact sent a rescue party for her in an effort to have her brought to the Ark before he would be forced to activate the Halos. Before the rescue party could depart, however, Mendicant Bias' fleet breached the Maginot Sphere, destroying the rescue party and leaving the Librarian stranded on Earth within the Halos' range.

The Librarian's sacrifice finally convinced the Didact to implement the Forerunners' destructive last resort. In order to stall Mendicant Bias and the Flood fleet long enough for the Halo rings to fire, the Forerunners deployed another powerful AI, Offensive Bias, to counter Mendicant. While the Didact initiated the Halo Array's activation sequence, the Flood fleet engaged the remnants of the Forerunner fleet in a massive naval battle. Using feint tactics, Offensive Bias and the Forerunner fleet held off the Flood as the Halos activated, annihilating all sentient life in the Milky Way galaxy. With the previously Flood-controlled ships now adrift, Offensive Bias decimated Mendicant's remaining fleet within minutes.

The Halo effect purged the galaxy of all sentient life, eliminating the threat of the Flood as it was deprived of available biomass and its centralized consciousness. The lifeforms sheltered on the Ark were eventually returned to their homeworlds and reintroduced them to their native ecosystems, now free of the Flood. Meanwhile, the surviving Forerunners left the galaxy.

List of appearances

 * Halo 2
 * Halo 3
 * Terminals
 * Halo Legends
 * Origins
 * Halo: Cryptum
 * Halo: Primordium
 * Halo: Silentium
 * Halo 4
 * Terminals