Flood combat form

A Flood combat form is the product of Flood Super Cells, typically via an infection form, infecting a sentient host organism. They serve as the Flood's mainline soldiers, defending the Flood against attack and securing additional hosts for infection. In the Co-Ordinated stage they are usually the first wave of soldiers, with the Pure Forms to back them up as seen in the Cortana level.

Pathology
When an infection form successfully enters a host body, it takes over the organism's nervous system and mutates its body using Flood Super Cells; inhalation of spores can have the same effect. During the infection process, the host's internal organs are broken down, and the resultant nutrient stockpile is used to develop the tentacles, claws and various other appendages and apparatuses. Combat forms can spread the Super Cell merely through wounding a victim, though such infection may progress gradually. If the combat form is infected by an infection form, it maintains the infection form's red sensory appendages as an impromptu central nervous system until the host has been completely assimilated.

Both living and deceased hosts can be infected, although the infection process is inherently fatal to living hosts and their brains. If the host is still living when initially infected, or at the very least has not suffered somatic brain cell death, the Flood is able to retrieve comparatively vast quantities of information from the host's memory, ranging from muscle memory to specific coordinates, access codes, flight protocols, etc. Once it has total control over the host's corpse, the infection form changes the physiology of the body to better suit its own needs. As combat forms retain most of the host's abilities they are able to utilize their host's weapons and vehicles, albeit with less finesse.

On rare occasions, weak or damaged infection forms cannot properly take over a host, allowing the host to survive, even retaining some control and consciousness, as in the case of Private First Class Wallace Jenkins.

In the initial stage of a Flood outbreak, the Feral Stage, combat forms communicate using pheromones and have one instinctual behavior: to secure new hosts to strengthen the local controlling intelligence. It is to be noted that a group of Flood will occasionally go after Sentinels if they are perceived to be the greatest threat in an area, even though Sentinels are unable to be infected by the Flood due to their inorganic nature. Once a sufficient store of biomass is available the Flood enters the Coordinated Stage, and begins forming pure form Flood, with the combat forms being used either as defensive units or calcium/biomass reserves.

Flood infection is a rapid and Germanically efficient biological process, as it can take under a minute in certain cases. Infected hosts are rapidly digested while being converted, which leaves the host severely ravaged and decayed, much like a corpse that had been exhumed a few weeks after its burial. Over time, the combat form begins to generate new infection forms in its back, transforming it into a carrier form once it has outlived its combat utility.

Types of combat forms
Virtually any creature can be infected to become a combat form, but the most frequently-used hosts are Sangheili, humans and Jiralhanae. Unggoy and Kig-Yar can be used as combat forms, but this is uncommon due to their weaker body structure. A small number of species are known to be immune to conversion, including the Mgalekgolo/Lekgolo (which are composed of boneless worms that do not have a central nervous system), the Yanme'e, whose exoskeleton lacks the required amount of calcium which renders infection impossible, and the Huragok which is an artificial organism, and therefore believed to be immune.

All victims of the Flood's infection, regardless of their physiology, will undergo a similar mutation process. The skin decays rapidly, and changes to the color and texture of Flood biomass as the Flood Super Cells overtake the body. The host's arm bones elongate and grow into whip or claw-like appendages, which will serve as their primary melee weapon in close-combat situations. As the Infection form now serves as the host's "brain", the head is usually forced aside, and can be severed without any effect on the combat form.

Human form
The human combat form is significantly smaller than other forms due to their hosts' smaller stature. As with other combat forms, it is capable of sustaining massive physical damage before being unusable to the Flood. Although it cannot take as much damage as the Sangheili combat form, the human form has some advantages, being more agile, harder to hit due to its small size, and quicker to melee an opponent. The head of the combat form is pushed to the right side of the body to make room for the infection form.

Spartan form
No actual examples of Flood-infected Spartans are known to exist. The ' s War Games combat training deck features simulations of Spartan-IV combat forms, which may have been based on conjecture or on information from actual encounters.

Flood-infected Spartans bear several differences from standard human combat forms. The right arm is converted into a pincer-like, bladed appendage, and the left leg sustains similarly drastic mutations. Exposed parts of the body are covered with what appear to be calcareous plates, and red "muscle" tissue can be seen in the gaps between plates. A large hump or tumor-like growth on the back is apparent, perhaps serving to shield the infection form. Perhaps because of the obstructing bodysuit, the typical Flood sensory tentacles do not protrude from the chest cavity. The form appears to retain more of its original silhouette than typical combat forms. Although most of the Spartan's armor is discarded, the components responsible for generating the energy shield are retained.

Sangheili form
The Sangheili combat form is agile, resilient, and capable of utilizing its host's armor abilities such as active camouflage and energy shields to assist them in combat. The Sangheili combat forms are slightly larger than the human form and as such present a larger target. The head of the combat form is typically slung over the right shoulder, the neck bones having been "liquefied" during infection.

Jiralhanae form
The Jiralhanae combat form is a formidable enemy and is more aggressive in combat than other combat forms, as it will charge towards an opponent recklessly; this behavior is most likely a holdover from the Jiralhanae's savage nature and preference for close combat. The Jiralhanae form is more powerful than the human form, but falls short against the Sangheili form. It is bulkier and slower than other combat forms. Since a Jiralhanae cannot be infected until their power armor is destroyed, the Jiralhanae form cannot make use of their host's armor abilities. Unlike the Sangheili or human combat form, where the infection form burrows into the left side of the chest of its victim, the infection form apparently burrows into the mouth of a Jiralhanae, pushing the lower jaw and rest of the head apart to fit into the body.

Unggoy and Kig-Yar combat forms
These forms do not appear in the trilogy and are instead introduced in Halo Wars. Rarely seen in actual combat situations, infected Unggoy and Kig-Yar are more commonly converted into carrier forms or processed for their biomass. These "building blocks" can be used to add to a Gravemind's superstructure or be molded into Flood pure forms.

Unggoy and Kig-Yar combat forms have only been witnessed in the first recorded contact between the Covenant and the Flood.

Forerunner combat forms
Forerunner combat forms were described as sickly green with a blotchy hide and long limbs. Remnants of the host's armor could still be found lodged in the combat form.

Anti-Flood countermeasures

 * Combat forms can take extensive and sizable amounts of damage before being neutralized. Arms, legs and even heads can be dismembered before they are incapacitated. The weak areas of a combat form are its sensory appendages that normally develop on the upper chest. This is where the Infection Form has nestled, and the body is incapacitated if this area is destroyed by a projectile weapon.


 * In Halo: Combat Evolved, a combat form may fall only to stand up again and keep fighting. This can only happen if it is not damaged enough. In Halo 2 and Halo 3, if the body is not destroyed, combat forms can be revived if another Infection Form crawls into it.


 * Human weapons are historically more effective against the Flood, as Covenant plasma weaponry is designed to debilitate targets by causing burning pain and structural damage to bodies as well as damaging shields, and the Flood cannot feel pain or be crippled and apart from the Elite forms, lack shields. However, In Halo 3, plasma-based weaponry and melee attacks, formerly weak against the combat forms in the previous two games, are now highly effective. Piercing weapons such as the Sniper Rifle and the Beam Rifle have little effect on combat forms, as both are designed to cause damage to internal organs, which the combat form does not require. At a distance, explosive ordnance such as grenades, rockets, and fuel rod gun projectiles, and ranged weapons such as the Battle Rifle or the Covenant Carbine can perform well against combat forms. Do note that Plasma and Spike grenades should be used with caution, as the combat form will sometimes ignore all other targets and charge players using such weapons at high speed. The Needler can be devastating, as the supercombine explosion will prevent it coming back to life in Halo: Combat Evolved, and will shatter it in Halo 2 and 3. In addition, the Needler's explosions will destroy an entire horde of charging Flood combat forms, similar to grenades and rocket launchers, minus the chance of self-injury. For ranged weapons, it is recommended for players to focus their fire at the sensory appendages that are visible on combat forms as successfully firing at one will immediately bring down a combat form. Dismemberment with ranged weapons is also recommended to prevent combat forms from firing their held weapons. At close combat, it is recommended that individuals acquire close-quarters weapons such as the Shotgun, Energy Sword and Gravity Hammer as they perform exceptionally well against Combat Forms. The melee attacks from the Brute Shot and Spiker will also do impressively well, no doubt due to the large bayonets that each weapon possesses. Burning combat forms with sufficient amounts of heat (such as that generated by the Sentinel Beam) is one of the most effective methods in any situation, as is the destruction of the torso. Automatic weapons are also effective, though ammo inefficient (it can take up to an entire magazine of assault rifle ammunition to kill a single combat form).

General

 * In Halo: Combat Evolved, combat forms will not disintegrate from successive melee hits when they are dead like in Halo 2 and Halo 3.
 * In Halo 2, all combat forms are also capable of driving and boarding vehicles and are able to do so in Halo 3, though the ability to drive vehicles is lost. They still retain the ability to board slow moving vehicles however.
 * In Halo 2, all of the Sangheili forms encountered use one armor palette; the Minor Combat Harness. In Halo 3 however, the Sangheili Forms will retain its host's armor palette. Strength of each Sangheili Form will be dependent on the ranks of its host; an infected Sangheili Major will be considerably harder to kill than a Sangheili Minor. Killing a Sangheili combat form is easier than a human combat form, a shot from a Carbine or Battle Rifle will take one down immediately.
 * Flood combat forms seem to take on physiological and biological changes throughout the Halo trilogy; these changes from game to game could be due to the Gravemind's influence in attempting to create a better Flood soldier or they could simply be graphical updates.
 * In all of the Halo games, Flood combat forms always hold certain two-handed weapons with one hand, and can actually reload them without doing a reload animation. These weapons include the Shotgun, the Rocket Launcher, the Assault Rifle and others. They can also use the Magnum with one hand and reload it without doing any animation for it.

Halo: Combat Evolved

 * Combat forms will run towards the player when armed. Both human combat forms and Sangheili combat forms will berserk when they have their arm that holds a gun shot off and will rush the player. Combat Forms that are unarmed will rush the player by default.
 * Elite combat forms can have their head and arms shot off while human combat forms can have their head, arms and chest cavity shot off.
 * In the campaign level 343 Guilty Spark, if you stand on a light bridge, the Flood combat forms will leap onto the bridge and get stuck. They will only be able to move by jumping at you.
 * If you shoot both arms off a combat form in Halo: Combat Evolved it will not be able to attack you and will simply follow you around. Players have dubbed this instance as creating a "Flood Buddy".
 * This is the only game in which an infection form cannot revive a dead combat form; instead they may just get back up.

Halo 2

 * When using the Grunt Birthday Party skull against the Flood in Halo 2, the effect of the skull will cause the plasma grenade explosion to occur when you shoot the combat form in the chest, where the Infection Form is.
 * Reflecting their enhanced intelligence, human combat forms still wear the armor they had on when they first transformed making it significantly harder to shoot the infection form in their chest. Elite forms can now also have shields which recharge over time. Once the shield is taken, though, they are very easy to incapacitate.
 * The combat form's performance in close quarters combat has improved. They can now bite and headbutt enemies if both arms are removed, they will kick enemies if their head and arms are removed.
 * The combat form can sprint towards enemies at a distance (unable to shoot while sprinting).
 * In Halo 2, a combat form will explode if both of its arms are shot off.

Halo 3

 * The Combat Form can pick up any weapon should it be near them when they "resurrect". They will also pick up two handed weapons such as the Plasma Cannon and Flamethrower if close by. Like other weapons, they will wield it with only one hand.
 * Probably to prevent the player from getting an unfair combat advantage from Jiralhanae combat forms during the brief time they are allies in The Covenant, or perhaps to prevent enemy Flood combat forms from overwhelming the player, weapons that would normally be picked up when a Jiralhanae combat form "resurrects" are deleted by the game's code, rendering them unusable.
 * An infected Jiralhanae Chieftain will turn into the generic Jiralhanae combat form character model, which is used for all Jiralhanae that become infected, regardless of rank or armor type. This is the result of programming constraints and not a decision by the Gravemind.
 * Regardless of gender, an infected human Flood becomes a male combat form. There are no variations between an infected male or female Marine, because there is only one character model for a Human Combat Form in the game.
 * Combat forms are capable of speech in an echoing voice. They usually speak for the Gravemind to taunt the player.
 * Halo 3 is the only game in which a combat form can be killed instantly by meleeing them with something other than a Energy Sword, Gravity Hammer or Brute Shot.

Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary

 * Human combat forms receive a graphical update while Elite combat forms appear to be using the models from Halo 3. This is most noticeable at the legs, which do not end with Halo: Reach-styled feet. Additionally, all the Elite combat forms appear to be Ultras.

Halo 2: Anniversary

 * Both human and Elite combat forms retain much of their host armor. Human forms have the body armor of former UNSC Marines while Elite forms all have Minor Elite combat harnesses, much like in the original game.

List of appearances

 * Halo: Combat Evolved
 * Halo: The Flood
 * Halo 2
 * Halo Graphic Novel
 * The Last Voyage of the Infinite Succor
 * Breaking Quarantine
 * Halo 3
 * Halo Wars
 * Halo Legends
 * Origins
 * Halo: Evolutions - Essential Tales of the Halo Universe
 * The Mona Lisa
 * Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary
 * Terminals
 * Halo 4
 * Terminals
 * Halo: Spartan Assault
 * Halo 2: Anniversary
 * Halo: Fractures
 * Defender of the Storm
 * Halo: Tales from Slipspace
 * Something Has Happened