Covenant religion

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The Great Journey is a central theme for the Covenant and its theocratic government; it is their ultimate goal. It is also that which stopped the war between the Prophets and the Elites. The Covenant believe that their ancestors, the Forerunners, used the Sacred Rings to cleanse the universe of all that is unholy, escaping a doomed existence of fighting an endless struggle against the Flood, and allowing them to transcend into gods, giving them ancient and unlimited power. The Covenant wish to activate the Halo installations to wipe out humanity and the Flood, which would provide salvation for their doomed existence and allow them to follow the Forerunners to their mysterious destination, where they will share in their power. In Covenant Religious terms the Flood are known as one of the many "obstacles" or "tests" that the Covenant must pass to begin the Great Journey.

On The Ark, during the Halo 3 campaign, several terminals can be found left by the Forerunners, describing the activation of the Halo arrays as the Great Journey. Through such terminals on other Forerunner installations the Covenant may have learned of the Great Journey, and used that name.

The Heretic Rebellion
A few of the Covenant, called Heretics, were aware that the Halos, when activated, would destroy all sentient life in the galaxy, including themselves. The Heretics are led by the Elite Sesa 'Refumee, who discovered the true purpose of the Halos from 343 Guilty Spark, the Forerunner construct. Refumee was killed by The Arbiter at the Threshold Gas Mine, and the heresy was put down.

The Covenant's beliefs
Whether the High Prophets do know the true effects of activating a Halo is uncertain, but the very fabric of the Covenant is built on accomplishing it, believing this will be akin to following in the footsteps of the Forerunners and propel them into the "Divine Beyond", a heavenly paradise they will share with the Forerunners. They seem determined to activate the Halos, no matter how much it takes, or costs.

The Jackals are not thought to believe in the Great Journey. They are simply mercenaries hired by the Covenant to be scouts and snipers. But since they have been a part of the Covenant for a very long time, it may be in that time when they came to believe in the religion of the Covenant, which is why they joined the Loyalists.

The Engineers are unknown but they do not seem to be very religious toward the covenant, or The Great Journey. Some also seem to not care much. It is currently unknown where they lie.

The Elites once had much faith in the Great journey, but eventually discovered the truth and rebelled, joining the UNSC. . They led the their Separatist forces, and eventually won the war.

The Brutes seem blindly loyal to the Prophets, obeying every command. They joined the Loyalists in the Covenant Civil War. Now, the surviving Brutes are leaderless, with the High Prophets dead.

The Arbiter
The currently living Arbiter, who is either leading or an important member of the separatist movement, knows the true function of the Halos after speaking with 343 Guilty Spark, a Monitor of the lost Installation 04 who is considered by the leading Covenant caste as one of the holy oracles. Following this conversation he, with the help of some UNSC troops, attempted to stop Tartarus from activating Installation 05, and hence the entire remaining Halo network, but failed. In the final cutscene(s) of Halo 2 the network is described to be in a standby status, pending activation from The Ark. The Loyalists were eventually defeated, and the idea of a Great Journey lost.

The UNSC
As the Master Chief and UNSC discovered, the Halos were not built as religious icons; they are galactic weapons of mass sterilization built by the Forerunners to contain a parasitic race known as The Flood. After exhausting all other options to destroy the flood, the Forerunners activated the rings, allowing all sentient life to die, eventually starving and killing the Flood, and also killing themselves.

Activation
The Prophet of Truth traveled to Earth to begin the Great Journey by activating the massive structure buried beneath New Mombasa which was once thought to be the ark. Apparently, the sole purpose of this unearthed construct is to generate a portal which leads to the true Ark, Installation 00, which lies 2^18 light years outside the milky way galaxy.

The Prophet of Truth attempted to start the Great journey, but was stopped, and killed, by the Arbiter, who stabbed Truth with the sword, and the Master Chief shut down the Ark once again stopping the Great Journey.